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Japanese Traffic Laws, Road Signs, and the Improvement Standards Notification

Automobile Transportation · 自動車運送業 · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Social Responsibility of Professional Drivers and the Keep-Left Principle

Drivers in the motor transport business (trucks, taxis, and buses) who operate commercial vehicles (green license plates) carrying precious human lives and cargo are professional drivers required to maintain high safety awareness and social responsibility as role models for general drivers.

Under Japan's Road Traffic Act (Articles 17 and 18), all vehicles must follow the principle of 'keep-left traffic' (driving on the left side of the center of the road), and on roads without marked traffic lanes, vehicles must keep toward the left edge of the road.

On roads with two or more traffic lanes in one direction, vehicles must in principle travel in the leftmost lane and leave the rightmost lane clear for overtaking or turning right.

Furthermore, when crossing a sidewalk or roadside strip to enter an off-road facility, depot, or parking lot, you must come to a complete stop immediately before crossing and check left and right so as not to impede pedestrians.

In addition, thoroughly practicing the Five Principles of Safe Driving—obeying safe speeds, slowing down before curves, checking safety at intersections, stopping to protect pedestrians at crosswalks, and never driving under the influence of alcohol—is the first step as a professional driver.

Social Responsibility of Professional Drivers and the Keep-Left Principle

Key points


  • Drivers of commercial vehicles (green plates) bear the responsibility of being role models for safe driving

  • Japanese roads follow the keep-left principle, and on multi-lane roads vehicles travel in the leftmost lane in principle

  • Always come to a complete stop immediately before crossing a sidewalk or roadside strip and yield to pedestrians
WordMeaning
commercial motor vehicle (green plate)
keep-left traffic
vehicular traffic lane
roadside strip

Meanings of Traffic Signals and Compliance with Road Signs and Markings

A solid yellow traffic light does NOT mean 'accelerate and proceed'; in principle it means 'do not proceed beyond the stop line (Stop),' and you may proceed only if you are already so close to the stop line that you cannot stop safely.

At a 'flashing yellow light,' you may proceed while watching cautiously for other traffic; at a 'flashing red light,' you must come to a complete stop at the stop line and may proceed only after confirming safety.

Road signs consist of four types of main signs (guide signs, yellow diamond warning signs, regulatory signs, and instruction signs) along with 'auxiliary signs' mounted below them to specify applicable vehicle types, hours, or zones.

In particular, the red inverted-triangle 'Stop (Tomare)' sign, No Entry, Road Closed, Maximum Speed, and width, height, and weight limit signs must be strictly obeyed when operating commercial and large vehicles.

Road markings painted on the pavement also include regulatory and instruction markings; drivers must accurately understand solid yellow center lines (no crossing the center line for overtaking) and solid yellow lane lines (no lane changing).

Key points


  • A solid yellow light means 'stop before the stop line' in principle; a flashing red light means 'come to a complete stop'

  • Main road signs are divided into four categories: guide, warning, regulatory, and instruction signs

  • Carefully check height, width, and weight limit signs as well as the conditions shown on auxiliary signs
WordMeaning
flashing traffic signal
warning sign
regulatory sign
auxiliary sign

Maximum Speeds, Following Distance, Slowing Down (Joko), and Stopping

On general roads where no maximum speed sign is posted, the statutory speed limit for motor vehicles is 60 km/h. On the main through lanes of national expressways, the statutory maximum speed is 80 km/h for large cargo trucks and 100 km/h for standard passenger cars and large buses.

To prevent rear-end collisions, you must maintain a sufficient 'following distance' so that you will not hit the vehicle ahead even if it stops suddenly. Large trucks, buses, and loaded vehicles have longer braking distances, and on wet or icy roads you need at least twice the following distance required on dry pavement.

'Slowing down (Joko / driving at a crawl)' means proceeding at a speed at which the vehicle can stop immediately (generally 10 km/h or less, able to stop within about 1 meter of applying the brakes).

Drivers are legally required to drive at a slow crawl (Joko) at blind intersections (except when on a priority road or controlled by traffic signals), near road corners/bends, near the crest of an uphill slope, and on steep downhill grades.

Furthermore, at intersections with a Stop sign or at railway crossings, do not merely roll through slowly; bring the wheels to a complete stop immediately before the stop line and visually confirm safety left and right before pulling out.

Key points


  • Statutory speed limits: 60 km/h on general roads; on national expressways, 80 km/h for large trucks and 100 km/h for passenger cars and large buses

  • Slowing down (Joko) means driving at a speed able to stop immediately (roughly 10 km/h or less)

  • Mandatory Joko locations: blind intersections, road bends, near the crest of an uphill slope, and steep downhill slopes
WordMeaning
statutory maximum speed
following distance
braking distance
slowing down / driving at a crawl (joko)

Intersections, Pedestrian Protection at Crosswalks, Overtaking, and No Stopping/Parking

When turning left at an intersection, move as close as possible to the left edge of the road in advance and turn at a slow crawl (Joko). When turning right, move toward the center of the road in advance and pass just inside the center of the intersection at a slow crawl.

When approaching a pedestrian crosswalk or bicycle crossing zone, if any pedestrian or cyclist is crossing or about to cross, you must come to a complete stop before the stop line (or crosswalk) and yield the right of way (Road Traffic Act Article 38).

In addition, on a crosswalk or bicycle crossing zone and within 30 meters before it, overtaking or passing any other motor vehicle or moped is strictly prohibited.

Regarding stopping and parking: intersections, crosswalks, railway crossings, streetcar tracks, near hill crests, steep slopes, tunnels, within 5 meters of the edge of an intersection or crosswalk, and within 10 meters of a bus stop sign (during operating hours) are 'No Stopping and No Parking zones.'

You must also remember key 'No Parking zones': within 1 m of a fire alarm, within 3 m of a driveway or garage entrance, within 5 m of the edge of a road construction zone, and within 5 m of a fire hydrant or fire cistern intake.

Key points


  • Always come to a complete stop before a crosswalk whenever a pedestrian is crossing or about to cross

  • Both overtaking (oikoshi) and passing (oinuki) are prohibited on a crosswalk and within 30 meters before it

  • Stopping and parking are prohibited within 5 m of an intersection or crosswalk, and within 10 m of a bus stop or railway crossing
WordMeaning
pedestrian crosswalk
overtaking (changing lanes)
passing (without changing lanes)
no stopping and no parking

Yielding to Emergency Vehicles and Route Buses, and Expressway Rules

When an emergency vehicle sounding its siren and flashing its red warning lights (ambulance, fire engine, police car) approaches, if you are at or near an intersection you must clear the intersection, pull over to the left side of the road, and come to a complete stop to yield (on a regular road section, pull to the left to yield).

Furthermore, when a route bus stopped at a bus stop signals with its right turn indicator to pull out, following vehicles must not impede its departure unless doing so would require sudden braking or swerving (Road Traffic Act Article 31-2).

Before entering an expressway, carefully inspect fuel, coolant, tire pressure (low tire pressure at high speed causes the standing-wave phenomenon and tire blowouts), and cargo securing.

If forced to stop on an expressway due to a breakdown, pull onto the shoulder or emergency bay, turn on hazard lights, place a warning triangle and flare behind the vehicle, and evacuate all occupants outside the guardrail rather than staying inside the vehicle.

When entering an expressway, accelerate sufficiently in the 'acceleration lane' before merging into the main lanes; when exiting, avoid slowing down in the main lane and decelerate only after entering the 'deceleration lane' to prevent rear-end crashes.

Key points


  • Near an intersection, pull to the left clear of the cross street and come to a complete stop for approaching emergency vehicles

  • High-speed driving with underinflated tires causes the 'standing-wave phenomenon,' leading to a tire blowout

  • During an expressway breakdown, set up a warning triangle behind the vehicle and evacuate outside the guardrail
WordMeaning
emergency vehicle
warning light / beacon
warning triangle / stop signaling device
emergency flare

Improvement Standards Notification (2024 Revision): Binding Hours and Rest Periods

To prevent fatigued driving among motor vehicle drivers, the 'Standards for Improving Working Hours of Motor Vehicle Drivers (Improvement Standards Notification, effective April 2024)' issued by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare strictly regulates binding hours, rest periods, and driving hours.

'Binding time (Kosoku jikan)' refers to the total time from clocking in to clocking out (driving time + cargo/inspection work time + break time). Across trucks, day-shift taxis, and buses, daily binding time is '13 hours or less in principle' (with a maximum cap of 15 hours).

'Rest period (Kyusoku kikan)' refers to the off-duty free time for sleep and rest between one shift and the next. Under the revised notification, the daily rest period 'shall basically strive to be a continuous 11 hours or more, and must never be less than a continuous 9 hours.'

Annual and monthly binding-hour caps are also set: for trucks and buses, 3,300 hours per year in principle (3,400 hours maximum), and for day-shift taxis, 2,880 hours per year and 288 hours per month.

In addition, for truck drivers, the rules provide exceptions when operationally unavoidable, such as 'split rest periods (each at least 3 continuous hours, totaling at least 10 hours for 2 splits or 12 hours for 3 splits)' and counting ferry boarding time toward the rest period in principle.

Improvement Standards Notification (2024 Revision): Binding Hours and Rest Periods

Key points


  • Daily binding time for trucks, day-shift taxis, and buses is '13 hours or less in principle, 15 hours maximum'

  • Off-duty rest period between shifts is 'basically a continuous 11 hours or more, and never less than a continuous 9 hours'

  • Binding time includes not only driving time but also cargo handling, vehicle inspection, and break time
WordMeaning
Improvement Standards Notification
binding time (total shift time)
off-duty rest period (between shifts)
fatigued / overworked driving

Continuous Driving Time Limit (Max 4 Hours) and Daily Driving Hours

Under the Improvement Standards Notification, the 'continuous driving time' for both trucks and buses is limited to '4 hours or less.' Within 4 hours of starting to drive or immediately after 4 hours have elapsed, the driver must interrupt driving to take a total of at least 30 minutes of breaks or non-driving time.

When splitting this driving interruption (totaling 30 minutes or more), each segment must be 'roughly 10 minutes or more' for trucks and 'at least 10 minutes' for buses to be counted as a valid driving break.

Furthermore, daily driving time must not exceed '9 hours per day' when averaged over any 2-day period.

Weekly driving time is also capped: for trucks, an average of 44 hours or less per week over 2 weeks; for buses, an average of 40 hours or less per week over 4 weeks.

Although special provisions exist for unforeseen events (such as expressway SA/PA parking areas being full) or unavoidable operational cases allowing an extension up to 4 hours 30 minutes, the standard rule in normal operations is always to take an early break within 4 hours.

Key points


  • Continuous driving is capped at '4 hours,' requiring a total break of at least 30 minutes (at least 10 minutes per split break)

  • Daily driving time is limited to 'an average of 9 hours or less per day over 2 days'

  • Weekly driving time is capped at a 2-week average of 44 hours/week for trucks and a 4-week average of 40 hours/week for buses
WordMeaning
continuous driving time
interruption of driving (break)
splitting / dividing
starting date for calculation

Traffic Laws and Road Signs

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