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Advanced Hygiene Management and HACCP Operation

Food Service (SSW 2) · 外食業(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Food Sanitation Act and Infection-Type Food Poisoning Bacteria

Article 1 of the Food Sanitation Act aims to prevent sanitation hazards arising from eating and drinking through public health regulations, thereby protecting citizens' health.

Campylobacter in chicken and beef liver is microaerophilic; even a small number of bacteria causes illness after a 2–5 day incubation period and rarely causes limb paralysis (Guillain-Barré syndrome).

Salmonella in raw eggs resists drying, while halophilic Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood is weak against fresh water, acid, and cold, so prevent it by washing with tap water and refrigerating.

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157, etc.) in cattle intestines produces potent Vero toxin, so minced meat dishes must be heated to a core temperature of 75℃+ for at least 1 minute.

Key points


  • The purpose of the Food Sanitation Act is preventing sanitation hazards from food/drink and protecting public health

  • For Campylobacter, never serve chicken raw or undercooked even if fresh; heat thoroughly to the center

  • Vibrio parahaemolyticus is halophilic and weak against fresh water, so wash seafood with tap water and keep cold
WordMeaning
Food Sanitation Act
Microaerophilic
Incubation period
Halophilic (salt-loving)

Toxin-Producing & Spore-Forming Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites, Natural Toxins

Staphylococcus aureus toxin from hand wounds, histamine in red-fleshed fish, and solanine in potato sprouts are heat-stable and are not decomposed by normal cooking.

Clostridium perfringens in large pots of curry and Clostridium botulinum in vacuum packs or honey are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria; prevent them by rapid cooling and never giving honey to infants under 1 year old.

Because alcohol is less effective against Norovirus, heat food at 85–90℃ for 90 seconds+ and disinfect with sodium hypochlorite (1,000ppm for vomit).

Anisakis larvae in seafood do not die from vinegar, salt, or wasabi; kill them by freezing at -20℃ or below for 24 hours+ or heating the core to 70℃+ (or 60℃ for 1 minute).

Key points


  • Staphylococcus aureus toxin, histamine, and solanine are heat-resistant and cannot be detoxified by heating

  • To prevent Clostridium perfringens, divide cooked curry/stew into shallow pans and rapidly cool to 20℃ or below

  • Kill Anisakis by freezing at -20℃ or below for 24 hours+ or heating at 60℃+ for at least 1 minute
WordMeaning
Staphylococcus aureus
Anaerobic bacterium
Bacterial spore
Natural toxin

The 7 Principles of HACCP, Temperature Measurement, and Record Keeping

The 7 principles of HACCP are: (1) Hazard Analysis (HA), (2) Determine CCPs, (3) Establish Critical Limits (CL), (4) Monitoring, (5) Corrective Actions, (6) Verification, and (7) Record Keeping.

Menus are managed by dividing them into Group 1 (unheated items), Group 2 (heated items: 75℃ 1min+, hot hold ≥65℃), and Group 3 (items cooled after heating).

When using a core thermometer, disinfect the probe tip with alcohol and insert it into the thickest center part of the food (such as a hamburger patty) to verify the required temperature.

If a blank space (omission) is found in daily records, never fabricate numbers; verify the actual facts with the staff in charge, record truthfully, and review the procedure.

The 7 Principles of HACCP, Temperature Measurement, and Record Keeping

Key points


  • When monitoring detects a deviation from a Critical Limit (CL), reheating or discarding to restore control is a Corrective Action

  • Disinfect the core thermometer tip with alcohol and insert it into the thickest central part of the food

  • Daily hygiene records serve as proof of proper management and enable rapid cause investigation if trouble occurs
WordMeaning
Hazard Analysis (HA)
Critical Limit / Management standard (CL)
Corrective action / Improvement measure
Core thermometer

Facility & Equipment Hygiene (5S, Biofilm, Disinfectant Dilution)

Under 5S, enforce Seiri (disposing of unnecessary items) and Seiton (placing items in fixed locations); clean inner walls (up to 1m from the floor), grease traps, and hand dryers daily.

Biofilm (a structure of microbes and polysaccharides) in sinks and drains cannot be removed by rinsing alone; scrub it off with a brush before washing and disinfecting.

Ensure sufficient illuminance on work surfaces with shatterproof light covers; if using well water, conduct water quality tests at least once a year and check residual chlorine daily.

Required stock solution = Total volume × Target concentration ÷ Stock concentration; making 3,000mL of 200ppm (0.02%) disinfectant from a 6% stock solution requires 10mL of stock.

Key points


  • Physically scrub off biofilm with a brush before washing and disinfecting

  • Store detergents and disinfectants in a dedicated area separate from food, and strictly prohibit refilling into beverage containers

  • Making 2,000mL of 1,000ppm (0.1%) disinfectant from a 5% stock solution requires 40mL of stock solution
WordMeaning
Fixed location (designated place)
Polysaccharide
Residual chlorine
Sodium hypochlorite

Receiving, Storage, Thawing, Retained Samples, and Worker Health

Reject deliveries with torn packaging or abnormal temperature (e.g., chilled meat at 18℃); in refrigerators, store raw meat in covered containers on the bottom shelf to prevent drip contamination.

Thaw frozen food in a refrigerator or under running water (never at room temperature or refreeze); sterilize raw vegetables in sodium hypochlorite (e.g., 100mg/L for 10min) and rinse thoroughly in running water.

If a metal fragment breaks off a tool, immediately stop, report, and find the piece or discard the entire batch; keep retained samples (kenshoku) of raw materials and cooked dishes (≥50g each) at ≤-20℃ for ≥2 weeks.

Immediately remove workers with diarrhea or vomiting from kitchen duties to see a doctor; workers with small hand cuts must wear a waterproof bandage and gloves and be assigned away from unheated foods.

Key points


  • Keep refrigerated showcase items below the load line, and pre-cool refrigerated delivery vans before loading

  • Cool heated items thoroughly before packing into takeout lunchboxes to prevent bacterial growth from steam condensation

  • Collect ≥50g each of raw materials and cooked dishes as retained samples (kenshoku) and store at ≤-20℃ for at least 2 weeks
WordMeaning
Bottom shelf
Load line (maximum loading limit)
Retained food sample (for inspection)
Cooling after cooking

Official references