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Plastic Molding (Level 2)

Industrial Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 製造分野(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Engineering Plastic Properties and Pre-Drying Management

At the Skill Level 2 standard, technicians must deeply understand not only commodity resins but also the physical properties of 'engineering plastics' with superior heat resistance and mechanical strength in order to set molding parameters. Engineering plastics are divided into crystalline types (PA, POM, PBT, PPS) and amorphous types (PC, m-PPE).

Resins containing ester or amide linkages—such as polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyamide (PA)—undergo 'hydrolysis' if melted inside a high-temperature heating cylinder while retaining moisture.

When hydrolysis occurs, not only do silver streaks and bubbles appear on the part surface, but polymer chains are severed, lowering molecular weight and severely embrittling impact strength. This degradation is irreversible even if the material is re-dried.

Therefore, materials must be pre-dried before molding using a dehumidifying dryer or hopper dryer at the specified temperature and time for each resin (e.g., 120°C for 4–6 hours for PC; 80–100°C for 4–8 hours for PA) until moisture falls below the allowable limit.

Furthermore, in glass-fiber-reinforced resins (GF-PA, GF-PBT), fibers orient along the melt flow direction (MD), making shrinkage much smaller in the flow direction than in the transverse direction (TD); managing warpage caused by this 'shrinkage anisotropy' is essential.

Key points


  • Before molding PC or PBT, perform thorough pre-drying to prevent strength loss from hydrolysis.

  • If POM stagnates inside a hot barrel for a long time, it thermally decomposes and releases irritating gas.

  • For glass-fiber-reinforced resins, use an abrasion-resistant screw and avoid excessive back pressure.
WordMeaning
Hydrolysis (cleavage of polymer chains by moisture at high heat)
Dehumidifying dryer (using low-dew-point dry air)
Shrinkage anisotropy (shrinkage difference between MD and TD)
Thermal degradation from prolonged barrel residence

Injection Molding Machine Mechanism Control and Precision Parameter Setup

At the screw tip of an in-line screw injection molding machine, a 'non-return valve (check ring and seat ring)' allows molten resin to flow forward during metering and seals against backflow during injection and holding pressure. Check-ring wear causes cushion variation, leading to short shots and sink marks.

During injection, 'multi-stage velocity control' is applied: a 'slow speed' as melt passes the gate prevents jetting and gate flow marks, a 'high speed' fills the main wall rapidly, and 'deceleration' right before the end of fill prevents adiabatic gas burns and pressure-spike flash.

At the position where molten resin fills roughly 95–98% of the cavity (the V-P switchover position), control switches from velocity to pressure (holding pressure). Switching V-P too early causes short shots, while switching too late causes overpacking, flash, and sticking in the mold.

To determine the optimal holding time, holding time is extended in steps while weighing the molded parts to find the 'gate seal time' where part weight levels off. In addition, a 'cushion' of about 3–5 mm must always remain at the most forward screw position so holding pressure acts effectively.

Mold clamping mechanisms include the 'toggle type', which uses link magnification for fast movement and energy-efficient lockup, and the 'direct hydraulic type', which presses directly with a cylinder unaffected by thermal mold expansion. Required clamping force is calculated as 'Projected Area × Average Cavity Resin Pressure'.

Injection Molding Machine Mechanism Control and Precision Parameter Setup

Key points


  • When the check ring wears out, resin leaks backward during holding pressure and the cushion drops to 0 mm.

  • By decelerating injection speed just before the end of fill, both gas burns and flash can be suppressed simultaneously.

  • The required cooling time of a molded part increases roughly in proportion to the square of its maximum wall thickness.
WordMeaning
Non-return valve / Check ring (prevents melt backflow during injection)
V-P switchover position (velocity to holding pressure transfer point)
Gate seal time (freeze-off time when part weight stops increasing)
Required clamping force (Projected area A × Cavity pressure P)

Advanced Mold Structures, Gate Systems, Thermal Control, and Maintenance

When a molded part has side holes or recesses (undercuts), an 'angular pin' drives a 'slide core' laterally in synchronization with mold opening. During clamping, a wedge-shaped 'locking block (heel block)' backs up the rear of the slide core so injection pressure cannot push it backward.

Self-degating systems include the 'pin-point gate' used in three-plate molds to leave a tiny dot vestige, and the 'submarine gate (tunnel gate)' that angles beneath the parting surface to shear the gate automatically upon ejection in a simpler two-plate mold.

In runnerless 'hot runner molds', the manifold and nozzles keep resin molten with heaters. In particular, the 'valve-gate type' mechanically closes the gate orifice with a valve pin after holding pressure finishes, eliminating stringing and drooling while leaving a clean gate mark.

Multi-cavity molds employ an 'H-type naturally balanced runner' so flow distance and shear history from the sprue to every cavity are identical. Parting-line gas vent depth is matched to melt viscosity: shallow at 0.01–0.02 mm for low-viscosity PA and 0.03–0.05 mm for higher-viscosity PC.

After mold setup changes, the 'low-pressure mold clamping (mold protection) function' is set to prevent mold crushing from trapped parts. Routine maintenance includes descaling cooling water channels and applying a thin film of heat-resistant grease to ejector pin shanks.

Advanced Mold Structures, Gate Systems, Thermal Control, and Maintenance

Key points


  • The locking block prevents the slide core from being pushed back by resin pressure during injection.

  • Adopting a naturally balanced runner equalizes the filling balance across all cavities.

  • When scale builds up in cooling circuits, heat transfer drops and actual mold temperature rises.
WordMeaning
Slide core and angular pin mechanism for releasing side undercuts
Submarine gate / Tunnel gate (auto-shearing gate in a 2-plate mold)
Valve-gate hot runner (mechanical gate shut-off via valve pin)
Low-pressure mold clamping / Mold protection against trapped parts

Advanced Injection Molding Defect Diagnosis and Part Wall Design

In the Level 2 practical exam, technicians must pinpoint the root mechanisms of complex defects and formulate countermeasures spanning molding parameters, mold modifications, and part design. For example, internal 'vacuum voids' in thick sections occur when the outer skin freezes quickly and the core shrinks inward; they are corrected by raising holding pressure and raising mold temperature.

Conversely, 'gas bubbles and silver streaks' caused by moisture or decomposition gas are resolved by thorough pre-drying, proper back pressure, and reducing suck-back stroke (to avoid drawing air into the nozzle). Although both look like bubbles, vacuum voids and gas bubbles require distinct countermeasures.

'Jetting'—where high-speed melt shooting through a narrow gate snakes into an open cavity and freezes—is prevented by slowing injection speed across the gate or modifying the gate to a tab or overlap gate that directs melt against a cavity wall.

In box-shaped parts, heat accumulates on the inner core corners so the inside runs hotter than the outer cavity wall; greater shrinkage on the hotter inner side pulls the sidewalls inward ('inward warpage'). Setting the moving core temperature lower than the stationary cavity temperature balances inner and outer cooling rates.

As a fundamental part design rule against sink marks, the thickness of stiffening 'ribs' on the back of a flat wall should be kept at 50–60% of the nominal wall thickness, and 'coring out (meat stealing)' should be applied at the base of bosses to eliminate heavy mass intersections.

Key points


  • To prevent voids in thick sections, raise mold temperature to delay skin freezing so packing pressure remains effective.

  • The thickness of a rib on the back of a flat plate is designed at about 50–60% of the nominal wall thickness.

  • Pre-heat metal inserts before molding to prevent weld-line cracking caused by residual stress.
WordMeaning
Vacuum void inside thick sections caused by rapid skin freezing
Jetting (worm-like melt stream shooting through an unobstructed gate)
Inner/outer cooling balance between core and cavity to prevent warpage
Rib-to-wall thickness ratio (50–60%) and coring out to prevent sink marks

Practical Management of Thermoset Molding (Compression and Transfer)

'Thermosetting resins' such as phenolic (PF), urea (UF), melamine (MF), epoxy (EP), and unsaturated polyester (UP) undergo a chemical cross-linking reaction inside a mold heated to about 150–180°C, forming a three-dimensional network structure and hardening permanently.

In compression molding, pre-heating material tablets (preforms) with a high-frequency pre-heater before loading them into the cavity improves flowability, shortens cure time, and ensures uniform curing throughout thick sections.

In addition, during the initial stage of compression, the mold is momentarily cracked open slightly in an operation called 'breathing (degassing)'. This vents water vapor and volatile gases generated by the condensation curing reaction, preventing surface 'blisters' and internal porosity.

If the pre-heating temperature or mold temperature is too high, or if the movement from loading to mold closing and pressing is too slow, 'pre-curing (premature hardening)' occurs before the compound fills the cavity corners, resulting in short shots and dull gloss.

In transfer molding, the mold is closed first and a plunger forces plasticized material from a transfer pot through runners into the cavities, making it ideal for intricate parts and delicate metal inserts. A proper 'cull' thickness must be maintained at the pot bottom to transmit effective packing pressure.

Key points


  • If breathing is omitted in compression molding, trapped gas causes blisters on the molded part.

  • If the mold temperature is too high, pre-curing occurs and results in incomplete filling.

  • In transfer molding, leave a cull of proper thickness at the pot bottom to transmit packing pressure.
WordMeaning
Pre-heating of thermoset preforms before mold loading
Breathing / Degassing (momentary mold opening to vent curing gases)
Pre-curing (premature hardening before complete cavity filling)
Cull (residual pad at the transfer pot bottom that transmits pressure)

Process Management in Extrusion, Blow Molding, and Vacuum Forming

An extruder screw consists of three zones from the hopper forward: the 'feed zone', the 'compression zone', and the 'metering zone'. The breaker plate and screen pack at the screw tip filter out contaminants, generate back pressure, and straighten helical screw flow into linear flow.

The phenomenon where molten resin swells wider than the die slit upon exiting is called 'die swell (the Barus effect)'. In blown film extrusion (inflation molding), maintaining a constant 'frost line' height—the boundary where air from the air ring solidifies the bubble—stabilizes lay-flat width and film clarity.

In direct blow molding of hollow containers, the hanging parison stretches under its own weight, thinning the upper wall ('drawdown'). To compensate for drawdown and match different blow-up ratios along the bottle, a 'parison controller' dynamically adjusts the die gap (mandrel position) across multiple points.

Furthermore, in 'biaxial stretch blow molding' used for beverage PET bottles, an injection-molded test-tube-shaped 'preform' is conditioned between its glass transition temperature and melting point, then stretched axially by a stretch rod while blown radially with high-pressure air to boost strength, clarity, and gas-barrier performance.

In 'vacuum and pressure forming' of heated plastic sheets, 'plug-assist forming'—which pre-stretches the sheet into the cavity with a mechanical plug right before vacuum suction—is widely used to prevent extreme thinning at the bottom corners of deep-draw containers.

Process Management in Extrusion, Blow Molding, and Vacuum Forming

Key points


  • When the screen pack clogs, resin pressure upstream of the breaker plate rises abnormally.

  • In biaxial stretch blow molding, the preform is stretched both axially and radially to increase bottle strength.

  • In vacuum forming of deep-draw containers, plug-assist is used to prevent bottom-corner thinning.
WordMeaning
Breaker plate and screen pack (filtering, back pressure, flow straightening)
Die swell / Barus effect (elastic swelling of extrudate exiting the die)
Frost line (solidification boundary line on a blown film bubble)
Parison controller (axial wall-thickness programmer compensating for drawdown)

Seven QC Tools and Statistical Process Control (Cp and Control Charts)

A Level 2 shop-floor supervisor must master the 'Seven QC Tools' to analyze defect causes from objective data. A 'Pareto chart' combines a bar graph of defect counts by category with a cumulative percentage line to identify the vital few priority items for countermeasures.

A 'cause-and-effect diagram (fishbone diagram)' systematically organizes 4M factors (Machine, Mold/Tooling, Material, Method) contributing to a specific quality characteristic or defect. A 'scatter diagram' plots paired variables (such as holding pressure and part weight) to examine 'positive' or 'negative' correlation.

In a 'histogram' showing measurement distribution, a 'bimodal (two-peaked)' shape with left and right peaks indicates that parts from two cavities or two machines with different means were mixed together, requiring 'stratification' by cavity number.

On an 'Xbar-R control chart' monitoring process stability over time, even if points remain inside the control limits (UCL and LCL), a 'run' of consecutive points on one side of the center line (CL) or a continuous 'trend' in one direction signals a non-random process shift that requires investigation.

The 'process capability index Cp = (USL − LSL) / 6σ' measures how comfortably the specification width accommodates the 6σ process spread; generally Cp ≥ 1.33 indicates sufficient capability, whereas Cp < 1.00 requires 100% inspection and fundamental process improvement.

Seven QC Tools and Statistical Process Control (Cp and Control Charts)

Key points


  • When a histogram shows a bimodal shape, stratify the data by cavity number to investigate.

  • On a control chart, a run of consecutive points on one side of the center line is judged an early sign of process abnormality.

  • Plotting holding pressure against part weight on a scatter diagram revealed an upward-sloping positive correlation.
WordMeaning
Pareto chart and cumulative percentage for prioritizing key defects
Cause-and-effect diagram (fishbone diagram) organizing 4M root causes
Xbar-R control chart monitoring sample mean and range over time
Process capability index Cp = (USL − LSL) / 6σ (capable when Cp ≥ 1.33)

4M Change Management, First-Article Inspection, Limit Samples, and Color Changeover

On the mass-production floor, whenever a '4M change (Man, Machine/Mold, Material, Method)' occurs—such as a material lot change, mold repair or replacement, parameter adjustment, or operator shift change—'4M change management' must be practiced to log the change and control quality risks.

During 'first-article inspection' at startup after a mold change or repair, samples must be taken once molding temperatures and cycle rhythm have stabilized. Especially for multi-cavity molds such as an 8-cavity tool, parts from every cavity (No. 1 through No. 8) must be collected and inspected individually for dimensions and appearance.

Furthermore, measuring precision dimensions immediately after ejection while the part is still hot introduces large errors due to thermal expansion and ongoing post-molding crystalline shrinkage. Parts must be conditioned under standard atmosphere (JIS K 7100: 23°C and 50% relative humidity) for the specified time before measurement.

'Limit samples' used as the pass/fail boundary for visual defects (weld lines, flow marks, black specks) must bear the approval stamp of the quality assurance department and an expiration date, and must be stored shielded from light in a designated location to prevent discoloration or accidental mixing with shipments.

During a 'color changeover' from dark to light or a 'material changeover', contamination is prevented by thoroughly cleaning loader hoses, hoppers, dryers, and magnet grids, followed by purging stagnant resin from the barrel and nozzle tip contact face using purging compound.

Key points


  • In first-article inspection of an 8-cavity mold, measure all cavities from No. 1 to No. 8 individually.

  • Display the approval stamp and expiration date on limit samples, and store them shielded from light to prevent discoloration.

  • During a color changeover, completely remove residual pellets from the hopper and magnet grid before purging.
WordMeaning
4M change management (Man, Machine/Mold, Material, Method)
Cavity-by-cavity first-article inspection across all cavities
Standard conditioning (23°C, 50% RH per JIS K 7100) prior to measurement
Limit sample approved by QC as the visual inspection pass/fail boundary

Molding Shop Safety & Health, Interlocks, and KY Hazard Prediction

The plastic molding floor contains hazards capable of causing severe industrial accidents, including molds clamping with tens to thousands of kilonewtons of force, heating cylinders and nozzles at 200–350°C, and high-speed automated takeout robots.

The 'safety door' of an injection molding machine is equipped with electrical, hydraulic, and mechanical 'safety interlocks' that halt mold closing, injection, and robot motion whenever the door is open. Defeating a limit switch with tape or jumpers is strictly prohibited under any circumstances.

When clearing a stuck part or runner inside the mold, or when cleaning and greasing the mold, always switch the machine to 'manual mode', shut off the motor/pump drive power, stop and home the takeout robot, and use dedicated non-marring tools such as long brass pliers.

Furthermore, during 'purging' of the heating cylinder or handling of stagnant POM, PVC, or flame-retardant resins, built-up internal pressure can violently eject hot melt and decomposition gas. Always close the 'purge guard (nozzle safety cover)', wear a face shield, heat-resistant gloves, and long sleeves, and run local exhaust ventilation.

During mold changes using an overhead crane and slinging gear, qualified personnel must verify mold weight, full seating of eyebolts, and sling angle (within 60°), while enforcing KY (hazard prediction) pointing-and-calling rules such as 'Never stand under a suspended load'.

Key points


  • Defeating the safety door limit switch during operation leads to severe accidents and is strictly prohibited.

  • During purging, always close the purge guard and wear a face shield and heat-resistant gloves.

  • When moving a mold with a crane, never step beneath the suspended load.
WordMeaning
Safety interlock (cuts off motion when safety door or guard is open)
Purge guard and face shield protecting against molten resin splash
Drive power shut-off / Lockout before entering hazardous mold zones
Hazard prediction (KY) activity and pointing-and-calling verification

Advanced Plastic Molding (Conditions, Defect Fixes, Mold Change, QC)

Practice this chapter in the app

Official references

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