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Livestock Characteristics, Breeds, Physiology, and Behavior

Agriculture · 農業 · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Cattle Breeds (Dairy and Beef) and the Rumination Mechanism

The most common dairy breed in Japan is the black-and-white "Holstein", prized for high milk yield. The smaller, fawn-colored "Jersey" breed produces milk with a high butterfat content.

Dedicated Japanese beef breeds (Wagyu) consist of four breeds: "Japanese Black (Kuroge Washu)"—the most numerous, known for marbled beef—"Japanese Brown", "Japanese Shorthorn", and "Japanese Polled". Crossbred cattle ("F1", from a Holstein dam and Japanese Black sire) are also raised for beef.

Cattle, goats, and sheep are "ruminants" with four stomach compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum). They regurgitate swallowed forage to chew it again ("rumination"), break down fiber via microbes in the largest first stomach (rumen), and digest with gastric juices in the fourth stomach (abomasum).

Cattle Breeds (Dairy and Beef) and the Rumination Mechanism

Key points


  • Representative dairy breeds are Holstein (high milk yield) and Jersey (high butterfat percentage).

  • Wagyu comprises four breeds: Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, Japanese Shorthorn, and Japanese Polled.

  • Cattle are ruminants with four stomachs; microbes in the first stomach (rumen) ferment and break down plant fiber.
WordMeaning
Holstein breed / Jersey breed
Japanese Black breed / crossbreed (F1)
ruminant animal
first stomach (rumen) / fourth stomach (abomasum)

Pig Breeds, Three-way Crossbreeding (LWD), and Physiological Traits

Major pig breeds include the white "Landrace (L)" and "Large White / Yorkshire (W)", both excelling in maternal traits (litter size and milk production); the reddish-brown "Duroc (D)", known for fast growth and meat quality; and the black "Berkshire (Kurobuta)", prized for high-quality pork.

Commercial market hogs are typically produced through "three-way crossbreeding (LWD)" to harness hybrid vigor: a crossbred LW sow (Landrace × Large White) is mated with a Duroc (D) terminal sire.

Pigs are omnivorous "monogastric (single-stomach) animals". They naturally keep their sleeping area separate from their dunging area. Because their sweat glands barely function, adult pigs are extremely sensitive to heat stress, whereas newborn piglets have little subcutaneous fat and are vulnerable to cold.

Pig Breeds, Three-way Crossbreeding (LWD), and Physiological Traits

Key points


  • Maternal lines use prolific Landrace (L) and Large White (W) breeds, while terminal sire lines use meaty Duroc (D) boars.

  • Market hogs are commonly "three-way crossbred pigs (LWD)" from an LW sow and a D boar.

  • Pigs are monogastric and cannot sweat effectively; adult pigs are vulnerable to heat, while piglets are vulnerable to cold.
WordMeaning
Landrace breed / Large White (Yorkshire) breed
Duroc breed / Berkshire breed
three-way crossbreeding (LWD)
monogastric (single-stomach) animal

Chicken Breeds (Layers and Broilers) and Digestive Features

Chickens are categorized into egg-producing "layers" and meat-producing "broilers". Typical layers include the white-egg-laying "White Leghorn" and brown-egg-laying hybrids derived from "Rhode Island Red".

Commercial meat chickens (broilers) are crossbred from "White Cornish" and "White Plymouth Rock" stocks, growing rapidly to market weight in about 7–8 weeks (roughly 50 days of age).

Chickens have no teeth; swallowed feed is stored temporarily in the "crop (sonou)", mixed with digestive enzymes in the "proventriculus (glandular stomach)", and ground up with grit in the thick-muscled "gizzard (muscular stomach)". Covered in feathers and lacking sweat glands, chickens are very susceptible to heat.

Key points


  • Layers utilize White Leghorns (white eggs) and Rhode Island Red lines (brown eggs).

  • Broilers are produced by crossing White Cornish and White Plymouth Rock breeds.

  • Chickens lack teeth and grind their feed in the muscular stomach (gizzard / sanou).
WordMeaning
layer (egg chicken) / broiler (meat chicken)
White Leghorn breed
crop / proventriculus (glandular stomach)
gizzard (muscular stomach)

Normal Body Temperatures of Livestock and Daily Health Observation

Livestock have higher normal body temperatures than humans: adult cattle average about 38.0–39.5℃ (around 38.5℃), pigs about 38.5–39.5℃ (around 39.0℃), and chickens even higher at about 40.5–42.0℃ (around 41℃). Calves and piglets run slightly warmer than adults.

During daily rounds, check whether animals have normal vigor and appetite, whether cattle are ruminating properly, whether the cattle muzzle (nose mirror) has normal moisture beading, and whether chicken combs and egg-laying rates look normal.

Also inspect manure and urine (diarrhea, bloody stool, constipation), breathing rate, coughing or nasal discharge, lameness (limping), and any animal isolating itself from the herd or flock. Report abnormalities to the supervisor immediately.

Key points


  • Normal body temperature benchmarks are roughly 38.5℃ for adult cattle, 39.0℃ for pigs, and 41.0℃ for chickens.

  • Healthy cattle ruminate regularly and have a moist muzzle (nose mirror).

  • Immediately report signs of poor appetite, diarrhea, coughing, or lameness (limping).
WordMeaning
normal body temperature
muzzle / nose mirror (of cattle)
comb (of a chicken)
lameness (limping gait)

Animal Welfare and Safe Livestock Handling

Raising livestock in a comfortable environment that minimizes stress and suffering is called "Animal Welfare". Its international foundation is the "Five Freedoms": freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury, and disease; freedom to express normal behavior; and freedom from fear and distress.

Cattle and pigs have wide panoramic vision but a "blind spot" directly behind them; approaching or touching them suddenly from straight behind can startle them and cause a dangerous kick. Always speak calmly and approach from the front-side within their field of view.

Never shout at or strike livestock with sticks when moving them. Remove obstacles that cause animals to balk—such as harsh glare, sudden loud noises, steps, puddles, or dark shadows in alleys—and guide them calmly.

Key points


  • Animal welfare emphasizes stress-reducing husbandry aligned with the "Five Freedoms".

  • Directly behind cattle is a blind spot where kicking is a risk; speak gently and approach from the front-side.

  • Move livestock calmly without shouting or hitting, keeping walkways clear of obstacles and harsh contrasts.
WordMeaning
animal welfare
the Five Freedoms
blind spot
guiding / herding livestock

Livestock Industry and Breeds

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Official references