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Technical Drawings, Tolerances, and Precision Measuring Instruments

Industrial Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 製造分野(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Third-Angle Projection, Drawing Lines, and Dimension Symbols

In JIS standard 'Third-Angle Projection', the top view is placed above the front view, the right side view to the right, and the left side view to the left.

Visible outlines use thick continuous lines, dimension/extension lines use thin continuous lines, hidden outlines use dashed lines, and centerlines use thin chain (dot-dash) lines.

Dimension symbols: $\phi$ denotes diameter, $R$ radius, $C$ a 45° chamfer (C2 means 2 mm × 45°), $\square$ a square side ($\square 20$ is 20 mm square), and $t$ plate thickness.

Thread designation 'M10 × 1.5' indicates a metric thread with 10 mm nominal diameter and 1.5 mm pitch; counterbore, countersink, and depth symbols specify hole recesses.

Third-Angle Projection, Drawing Lines, and Dimension Symbols

Key points


  • (○ True) In third-angle projection, the right side view is placed to the right and the top view above the front view; visible outlines use thick solid lines and centerlines use chain lines.

  • (○ True) Symbol $\phi$ means diameter, $R$ radius, $C$ 45° chamfer, $\square$ square, and $t$ thickness.

  • (× False) Defining C2 as a '2 mm corner radius' or placing the left side view to the right of the front view in third-angle projection is FALSE.
WordMeaning
third-angle projection
visible outline
chain line (centerline)
45° chamfer symbol (C)
sectional view

Dimensional Tolerance, Fits (Clearance, Interference), Geometric Tolerance, and Surface Roughness

For dimension '$50^{+0.02}_{-0.01}\text{ mm}$', the maximum limit is 50.02 mm, the minimum limit is 49.99 mm, and the dimensional tolerance is $50.02 - 49.99 = 0.03\text{ mm}$.

In hole-shaft fits (uppercase H for holes, lowercase for shafts), a hole larger than the shaft gives a 'clearance fit' (e.g., H7/g6), a shaft larger than the hole gives an 'interference fit' (e.g., H7/p6), and overlapping zones give a 'transition fit'.

Geometric tolerancing specifies allowable form, orientation, or location error (flatness, roundness, cylindricity, parallelism, perpendicularity, coaxiality) relative to a datum (e.g., Datum A).

For surface roughness parameters Ra and Rz, a smaller numerical value indicates a smoother surface; a closed triangle symbol specifies material-removal machining.

Key points


  • (○ True) The tolerance width of $50^{+0.02}_{-0.01}\text{ mm}$ is $0.03\text{ mm}$, and hole-basis fit 'H7/g6' is always a clearance fit.

  • (○ True) A smaller Ra value indicates a smoother machined surface finish.

  • (× False) Saying Ra 6.3 is smoother than Ra 1.6, or calling 'H7/p6' a clearance fit, is FALSE.
WordMeaning
dimensional tolerance
clearance fit
interference fit
geometric tolerance
arithmetic mean roughness (Ra)

Reading and Using Vernier Calipers, Micrometers, and Dial Gauges

A vernier caliper (e.g., 0.05 mm resolution) measures outer diameter, inner diameter, depth, and step; read 'main scale mm before vernier zero + aligned vernier graduation'.

An outside micrometer (0.01 mm resolution, 0.5 mm lead screw pitch) reads 'sleeve 0.5 mm marks + thimble division × 0.01 mm', using the ratchet stop for constant measuring force.

Wipe measuring faces clean before use; for a 50–75 mm micrometer, verify the zero (datum) point using a 50 mm setting rod.

A dial gauge magnifies small spindle displacements on a circular dial and is mounted on a magnetic stand to check flatness, parallelism, or shaft runout.

Key points


  • (○ True) When a micrometer sleeve shows '12.5 mm' and the thimble aligns at '18', the reading is $12.5 + 0.18 = 12.68\text{ mm}$.

  • (○ True) Use the ratchet stop for uniform measuring force, and check the datum of a 50–75 mm micrometer using a 50 mm setting rod.

  • (× False) Forcibly tightening the thimble by hand or precision-measuring a hot workpiece right after machining (causing thermal expansion error) is FALSE.
WordMeaning
vernier caliper
micrometer
ratchet stop
setting rod (standard bar)
dial gauge (dial indicator)

Limit Gauges (Plug Gauge, Thread Gauge), Gauge Blocks, and Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)

With a 'limit plug gauge' or 'limit thread plug gauge', a hole passes inspection when the GO end enters freely and the NOT GO end does not enter.

'Gauge blocks' have ultra-flat precision surfaces that are slid together under light pressure ('wringing') to build exact reference lengths.

A 'surface plate' and 'height gauge' are used for layout and height measurement, a 'feeler (thickness) gauge' measures narrow gaps, and a 'precision square' checks 90° perpendicularity.

The JIS standard reference temperature for dimensional measurement is '20°C', and a 'Coordinate Measuring Machine' (CMM) probes X-Y-Z coordinates to measure 3D geometry and geometric tolerances.

Key points


  • (○ True) A limit gauge (plug or thread gauge) indicates an acceptable part when 'the GO side enters and the NOT GO side does not enter'.

  • (○ True) Sliding gauge blocks together so they adhere is called 'wringing', and the standard reference temperature for precision measurement is '20°C'.

  • (× False) Judging a hole as 'acceptable' when both the GO and NOT GO ends pass completely through is FALSE (the hole is oversized).
WordMeaning
limit plug gauge
gauge block
wringing
feeler (thickness) gauge
coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

Drawings, Measuring and Technical Calculation

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Official references