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Machining and Metalworking (Practical Level 2)

Industrial Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 製造分野(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Cutting Speed and Spindle Speed Calculations, Lathe and Milling Operations

Cutting speed $V\text{ (m/min)}$, diameter $D\text{ (mm)}$, and spindle speed $N\text{ (min}^{-1}\text{)}$ are related by $V = \frac{\pi D N}{1000}$, or $N = \frac{1000 V}{\pi D}$.

On a lathe, use a 3-jaw scroll chuck for round stock, a 4-jaw independent chuck for square/eccentric work, and a tailstock center for long slender shafts; always remove the chuck wrench immediately.

Set the cutting tool tip exactly at the workpiece centerline height, and keep tool overhang as short as possible to prevent chatter vibration.

In milling, 'up-milling' (conventional milling) feeds against cutter rotation to avoid backlash, whereas 'down-milling' (climb milling) on CNC machines improves tool life and surface finish.

Cutting Speed and Spindle Speed Calculations, Lathe and Milling Operations

Key points


  • (○ True) Turning a 50 mm diameter bar at 1000 rpm ($\pi = 3.14$) gives a cutting speed of $V = 3.14 \times 50 \times 1000 \div 1000 = 157\text{ m/min}$.

  • (○ True) Align the lathe tool tip with the centerline, minimize tool overhang, and never leave the chuck key in the chuck.

  • (× False) Saying you should extend tool overhang as long as possible to suppress chatter vibration is FALSE (long overhang reduces rigidity and worsens chatter).
WordMeaning
cutting speed
tailstock
built-up edge
up-milling (conventional milling)
down-milling (climb milling)

NC Programming (G-Codes, M-Codes, Coordinates), Hole Machining, and Grinding

In NC G-codes: G00 is rapid positioning, G01 is linear interpolation (cutting feed), G02 is clockwise circular interpolation, and G03 is counterclockwise circular interpolation.

In M-codes: M03 starts spindle forward, M05 stops the spindle, M06 changes tools, and M08 turns coolant on; programs also manage absolute (G90) vs. incremental (G91) coordinates and tool offsets.

High-precision holes are machined in the order 'center drill -> twist drill -> reamer'; the tap drill diameter for M10×1.5 is '10 - 1.5 = 8.5 mm' (deep holes use peck drilling to clear chips).

Perform a sound (ring) test before mounting a grinding wheel, run a trial operation for '3 minutes or more' after wheel replacement and '1 minute or more' before daily work, and dress glazed/loaded wheels.

Key points


  • (○ True) In NC codes, G00 is rapid positioning, G01 is linear cutting feed, and the tap drill diameter for M10×1.5 is about 8.5 mm.

  • (○ True) Run a grinding wheel trial for '3 minutes or more' after replacement and '1 minute or more' before daily work, and restore wheel sharpness/form by dressing and truing.

  • (× False) Cutting into the workpiece using rapid traverse G00, or reaming a hole before drilling it, is FALSE.
WordMeaning
linear interpolation (G01)
reaming
tap drill diameter
ring (sound) test
wheel dressing

Press Working and Sheet Metal Forming (Clearance, Springback, Deep Drawing), Welding, and Casting

In press blanking/piercing, excessive die clearance causes large rollover and burrs, while insufficient clearance causes secondary shear and rapid tool wear (progressive dies perform multiple stations sequentially).

After sheet metal bending, elastic recovery causes angle return called 'springback'; in deep drawing, insufficient blank-holder force causes flange wrinkling, while excessive force tears the cup wall.

In gas-shielded arc welding, wind blowing away shielding gas causes blowholes (porosity), excessive current causes undercut, and insufficient current causes overlap or lack of fusion.

In casting, risers feed molten metal to prevent shrinkage cavities (patterns include shrinkage allowance and draft angle), while die casting injects molten metal into steel dies at high speed and pressure.

Key points


  • (○ True) Elastic angle recovery after bending is called 'springback', and improper blank-holder force in deep drawing causes wrinkling (too low) or tearing (too high).

  • (○ True) Loss of shielding gas in welding causes 'blowholes', and solidification shrinkage in casting causes 'shrinkage cavities' (prevented by risers).

  • (× False) Blowing strong fan wind directly at the weld arc during gas-shielded welding to prevent blowholes is FALSE (wind disperses shielding gas and causes porosity).
WordMeaning
die clearance
springback
blowhole (porosity)
undercut
shrinkage cavity

Heat Treatment (Quenching, Tempering, Annealing, Carburizing), JIS Materials, and Mechanical Testing

After hardening steel by 'quenching' (heating and rapid cooling), always perform 'tempering' (reheating to a moderate temperature) to reduce brittleness and impart toughness.

'Annealing' furnace-cools steel to soften it for machining, 'normalizing' refines grain structure, and 'carburizing' or 'induction hardening' hardens only the outer surface while keeping a tough core.

In JIS material codes: S45C is machine structural carbon steel with ~0.45% C, SUS304 is austenitic stainless steel (non-magnetic), FC200 is gray cast iron, and FCD is ductile cast iron.

Mechanical testing includes 'tensile testing' (strength and elongation), 'hardness testing' (Vickers HV, Rockwell HRC, Brinell HBW), 'Charpy impact testing' (toughness), and evaluating 'fatigue fracture' under cyclic stress.

Key points


  • (○ True) Quenched steel is hard but brittle, so it is always paired with 'tempering' to restore toughness.

  • (○ True) S45C is machine structural carbon steel (~0.45% C); Vickers (HV) and Rockwell (HRC) are hardness tests, and the Charpy test is an impact test.

  • (× False) Defining 'annealing' as rapid water quenching to achieve maximum hardness is FALSE (annealing cools slowly in a furnace to soften steel).
WordMeaning
quenching and tempering
annealing
carburizing and quenching
machine structural carbon steel (S45C)
Charpy impact test

Machining and Machine Maintenance (Advanced)

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Official references