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Electrical and Electronic Assembly (Practical Level 2)

Industrial Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 製造分野(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Circuit Calculations, Capacitance, Three-Phase Induction Motors, and Transformers

With Ohm's Law ($V = I R$) and electric power ($P = V I = I^2 R$), series resistance is $R = R_1 + R_2$ and parallel resistance is $R = \frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1 + R_2}$.

Equivalent capacitance is opposite to resistance: parallel capacitors add ($C = C_1 + C_2$) and series capacitors follow $\frac{C_1 C_2}{C_1 + C_2}$, with $1\text{ }\mu\text{F} = 1000\text{ nF} = 10^6\text{ pF}$.

A three-phase induction motor reverses rotation when 'any 2 of the 3 power lines' are swapped, and its synchronous speed is $N_s = \frac{120 f}{p}$ (1500 rpm at 50 Hz or 1800 rpm at 60 Hz for 4 poles).

A transformer steps AC voltage up or down by its turns ratio (it cannot transform steady DC), while an inverter (VFD) varies frequency and voltage to control motor speed.

Circuit Calculations, Capacitance, Three-Phase Induction Motors, and Transformers

Key points


  • (○ True) Parallel resistors of 30 Ω and 60 Ω give $\frac{30 \times 60}{30 + 60} = 20\text{ }\Omega$, and two 10 μF capacitors in parallel give $10 + 10 = 20\text{ }\mu\text{F}$.

  • (○ True) Swap '2 of the 3 power leads' to reverse a three-phase induction motor, and use an 'inverter' to control its rotational speed.

  • (× False) Saying a transformer can step up steady DC voltage (such as 24 V DC) directly is FALSE (transformers require AC).
WordMeaning
equivalent capacitance
three-phase induction motor
synchronous speed
transformer
inverter (VFD)

Electronic Components (Resistors, Diodes, Transistors, LEDs) and Electrical Measuring Instruments

Read resistance from color bands (Black 0, Brown 1, Red 2, Orange 3, Yellow 4, Green 5..., Gold ±5%) or 3-digit SMD markings ('103' = $10 \times 10^3 = 10\text{ k}\Omega$, '472' = $4.7\text{ k}\Omega$).

Diodes and LEDs conduct current in one direction from anode (A, +) to cathode (K, -, marked by a band or shorter lead); LEDs require a series current-limiting resistor.

Transistors and FETs perform amplification and switching, while a 'thermistor' changes resistance with temperature and is used as a temperature sensor.

An oscilloscope displays voltage waveforms over time ($f = 1/T$), a clamp meter measures current without breaking the wire, and an insulation resistance tester (megger) measures insulation in MΩ with power off.

Key points


  • (○ True) An SMD resistor marked '103' equals $10 \times 10^3 = 10\text{ k}\Omega$, and diodes/LEDs pass forward current from anode (+) to cathode (-).

  • (○ True) An AC waveform with period $T = 20\text{ ms} = 0.02\text{ s}$ has a frequency of $f = 1 \div 0.02 = 50\text{ Hz}$, and voltage waveforms are observed with an 'oscilloscope'.

  • (× False) Applying a high-voltage insulation tester (megger) to a live circuit or directly across sensitive IC pins is FALSE.
WordMeaning
anode and cathode
rectification
thermistor
oscilloscope
insulation resistance tester (megger)

Sequence Control (NO/NC Contacts, Self-Holding, Interlock, PLC, and Sensors)

In sequence control, an 'a-contact' (Make / NO) closes when actuated, whereas a 'b-contact' (Break / NC, used for stop and emergency stop buttons) is normally closed and opens when actuated.

A 'self-holding circuit' wires a relay's own a-contact in parallel with the start button to maintain operation, while an 'interlock circuit' wires opposing b-contacts in series to prevent forward and reverse contactors from energizing simultaneously.

Contacts wired in series form a logical 'AND circuit', while contacts wired in parallel form a logical 'OR circuit'.

Automated panels use PLCs (ladder logic), inductive proximity sensors (non-contact metal detection), photoelectric sensors, and 'thermal overload relays' to protect motors from overload burnout.

Key points


  • (○ True) A contact that closes when pressed is an 'a-contact (NO)', one that opens when pressed is a 'b-contact (NC)'; series contacts form an AND circuit and parallel contacts form an OR circuit.

  • (○ True) Cross-wire b-contacts in an 'interlock circuit' to prevent simultaneous forward/reverse contactor activation, and use a 'thermal relay' for motor overload protection.

  • (× False) Wiring an a-contact in parallel as the stop button to release a self-holding circuit is FALSE (a b-contact must be wired in series).
WordMeaning
a-contact (NO) and b-contact (NC)
self-holding circuit
interlock circuit
thermal overload relay
proximity sensor

PCB Assembly (SMT, Reflow, Lead-Free Solder), Wire Harnessing, ESD, and Circuit Protection

Surface Mount Technology (SMT) follows 'solder paste printing -> component placement -> reflow oven heating'; when a chip component stands up on one end during reflow, it is called 'tombstoning' (Manhattan effect).

RoHS-compliant 'lead-free solder' (Sn-Ag-Cu) has a higher melting point (~217–220°C) than tin-lead eutectic solder (~183°C); during hand soldering, heat both the pad and lead simultaneously to avoid cold joints and solder bridges.

In crimping terminals, strip insulation without nicking strands and crimp only the bare conductor barrel without pinching insulation; inside control panels, separate power cables from low-level signal wires to prevent electromagnetic noise.

Molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) protect against overcurrent/short circuits, earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB) prevent electric shock from ground faults, and protective earth (PE) wires use 'green/yellow stripe' (or green) insulation.

Key points


  • (○ True) The SMT sequence is 'solder paste printing -> component placement -> reflow heating', and lead-free solder has a higher melting point (~220°C) than tin-lead solder.

  • (○ True) Route power cables separately from signal wires to prevent noise, and use 'green/yellow' (or green) wire for protective grounding (PE).

  • (× False) Crimping the conductor barrel over the wire's vinyl insulation causes poor electrical contact and is FALSE.
WordMeaning
reflow soldering
lead-free solder
tombstoning (Manhattan phenomenon)
cold solder joint (Imo-handa)
protective earth (PE) wire

Electrical Assembly and Control (Advanced)

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Official references