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Plastic Molding (Injection Molding, Compression Molding, Blow Molding, Molds, and Defect Countermeasures)

Industrial Manufacturing - Machinery and Electronics · 製造分野 · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

1. Classification of Plastic Materials (Thermoplastic, Thermosetting, Crystalline, Amorphous) and Pre-drying

Based on their thermal behavior, plastics are classified into 'Thermoplastic resins', which can be repeatedly softened/melted by heating and solidified by cooling, and 'Thermosetting resins', which undergo an irreversible chemical curing (cross-linking) reaction upon heating and cannot be remelted.

Thermoplastic resins are further divided into 'Crystalline resins', whose molecular chains align regularly upon cooling, and 'Amorphous (non-crystalline) resins', whose molecular chains solidify in a randomly entangled state.

Typical crystalline resins include Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyacetal (POM), Polyamide (PA: Nylon), and PBT; they offer excellent chemical and wear resistance but have high molding shrinkage (approx. 1.0–2.5%), making them prone to sink marks and warpage.

Typical amorphous resins include Polystyrene (PS), ABS resin, Polycarbonate (PC), Acrylic (PMMA), and rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); many offer high transparency and low molding shrinkage (approx. 0.4–0.7%), making it easy to achieve tight dimensional accuracy.

Furthermore, 'hygroscopic (water-absorbing) resins' such as PA, PC, PET, PBT, ABS, and PMMA suffer from strength reduction due to hydrolysis or silver streaks if molded while containing moisture; therefore, they must undergo 'pre-drying' in a hopper dryer or dehumidifying dryer at a specified temperature and time before molding.

1. Classification of Plastic Materials (Thermoplastic, Thermosetting, Crystalline, Amorphous) and Pre-drying

Key points


  • Resins that melt on heating and solidify on cooling are 'Thermoplastics'; resins that cure chemically on heating and do not remelt are 'Thermosets (PF, EP, UP, MF)'

  • 'Crystalline resins (PE, PP, POM, PA)' have high chemical resistance but large molding shrinkage; 'Amorphous resins (PS, ABS, PC, PMMA)' have small molding shrinkage

  • Hygroscopic resins such as PC, PA, PET, and ABS must always undergo 'pre-drying' before molding to prevent hydrolysis and silver streaks
WordMeaning
Thermoplastic resin and Thermosetting resin
Crystalline resin and Amorphous resin
Molding shrinkage rate
Pre-drying and Hydrolysis

2. Structure of Injection Molding Machines (In-line Screw Type) and Plasticizing/Metering Mechanism

An injection molding machine consists of two main units: the 'Injection unit', which melts resin pellets and injects them into the mold, and the 'Clamping unit (direct hydraulic or toggle type)', which opens/closes the mold and clamps it tightly against high injection pressure.

In the mainstream 'In-line screw injection unit', a single screw inside the heating cylinder (barrel) both 'rotates' to melt and convey resin toward the tip ('plasticizing and metering') and 'moves forward' to push the molten resin into the mold ('injection').

The screw groove depth is deepest in the 'Feed zone' beneath the hopper where solid pellets enter, gradually becomes shallower in the 'Compression zone' where pellets are compressed and melted, and is shallowest in the front 'Metering zone'.

During metering, as the screw retreats under the pressure of molten resin accumulating at the tip, applying a controlled hydraulic or servo resistance pressure from behind called 'Back pressure' enhances mixing, expels entrapped air and volatile gases rearward, and stabilizes metering density.

After metering finishes, the screw is slightly retracted without rotation in an action called 'Suck-back (decompression)' to prevent molten resin from drooling out of the nozzle tip; during forward injection, the 'Check ring (non-return valve)' at the screw tip closes to prevent backward resin leakage.

2. Structure of Injection Molding Machines (In-line Screw Type) and Plasticizing/Metering Mechanism

Key points


  • An in-line screw machine uses screw 'rotation' for plasticizing/metering and screw 'forward movement' for injection and holding pressure

  • The resistance pressure applied against screw retreat during metering is called 'Back pressure', preventing gas entrapment and stabilizing shot weight

  • Slight screw retraction to prevent nozzle drooling is called 'Suck-back', and the part preventing backflow during injection is the 'Check ring'
WordMeaning
In-line screw system
Plasticizing and Metering
Back pressure
Suck-back and Check ring (Non-return valve)

3. Injection Molding Cycle Stages, Holding Pressure, V-P Switchover, and Cushion

One injection molding cycle proceeds in the order: '1. Mold closing & clamping → 2. Injection (filling) → 3. Holding pressure (packing) → 4. Cooling (concurrent with plasticizing/metering for the next shot) → 5. Mold opening → 6. Part ejection'.

Accounting for the largest portion of the total cycle time (approx. 50–70%) is the 'Cooling stage', which solidifies the molten resin inside the mold down to an ejectable temperature; metering for the next cycle takes place in parallel during this cooling period.

Near the end of the injection stage, when the cavity is approx. 95–98% filled at high speed, the machine switches from velocity control (V) to pressure control (P) for the 'Holding pressure stage'. This transition point is called the 'V-P switchover position'.

'Holding pressure' is the stage where forward pressure is continuously applied to the screw until the resin at the gate solidifies ('gate seal'), supplying additional resin into the cavity to compensate for volumetric shrinkage during cooling and preventing sink marks and undersized dimensions.

At the end of holding pressure, a few millimeters (approx. 3–7 mm) of molten resin called the 'Cushion (minimum residual resin)' must remain ahead of the screw tip so the screw does not bottom out; if the cushion reaches 0 mm, holding pressure cannot be transmitted to the cavity.

Key points


  • The molding cycle runs 'Mold closing/clamping → Injection → Holding pressure → Cooling (Metering) → Mold opening → Ejection', with cooling taking the longest time

  • At the 'V-P switchover position' near the end of filling, control switches from speed to 'Holding pressure' to compensate for shrinkage until gate seal

  • To transmit holding pressure effectively, a few millimeters of 'Cushion' must always remain ahead of the screw tip when holding finishes
WordMeaning
Molding cycle and Cooling time
Holding pressure and Gate seal
V-P switchover position
Cushion amount

4. Structure of Injection Molds (2-Plate, 3-Plate, Runners, Gates, and Ejection Mechanism)

An injection mold consists of the 'Stationary mold half (Cavity side)', which contacts the machine nozzle, and the 'Moving mold half (Core side)', which moves during mold opening and houses the ejector mechanism; the mating surface between them is the 'Parting line (PL surface)'.

Molten resin from the nozzle flows through the channel path 'Sprue → Runner → Gate' into the product-forming 'Cavity'. To allow trapped air and volatile gases to escape, shallow grooves approx. 0.01–0.03 mm deep called 'Gas vents' are machined on the PL surface.

Mold structures include the '2-plate mold', which has a single parting plane and ejects the molded parts and runner together (e.g., side gate), and the '3-plate mold', which incorporates a stripper plate to automatically cut pin-point gates upon mold opening.

Additionally, using a 'Hot runner mold' that keeps the runner channels constantly molten via internal heaters eliminates sprue and runner scrap and shortens cooling time for high-cycle molding.

Features such as side holes or recesses that prevent straight ejection along the mold opening direction are called 'Undercuts'; they are released prior to ejection using a 'Slide core mechanism' driven sideways by an inclined 'Angular pin' as the mold opens.

4. Structure of Injection Molds (2-Plate, 3-Plate, Runners, Gates, and Ejection Mechanism)

Key points


  • The resin flow path is 'Sprue → Runner → Gate → Cavity', and shallow 'Gas vents' are provided on the parting line (PL) to vent air

  • A '3-plate mold' automatically cuts pin-point gates on opening, while a 'Hot runner mold' molds parts without generating runner scrap

  • Side recesses ('Undercuts') are cleared sideways by an angular pin and 'Slide core' before part ejection
WordMeaning
Sprue, Runner, and Gate
Parting line (PL) and Gas vent
2-plate mold and 3-plate mold
Undercut and Slide core

5. Typical Injection Molding Defects, Causes, and Countermeasures

An incomplete part where resin fails to fill the end of the cavity is a 'Short shot', caused by insufficient injection pressure/speed, low resin/mold temperature, or short metering. Conversely, when excessive injection or holding pressure overcomes clamping force and resin leaks onto the PL surface, it causes 'Flash (burr)'.

Surface depressions on thick sections or opposite ribs/bosses called 'Sink marks' and internal vacuum bubbles called 'Voids' are caused by insufficient resin compensation for cooling shrinkage; they are corrected by increasing holding pressure, extending holding time, and ensuring an adequate cushion.

A hairline seam formed where two flow fronts meet around a hole or in multi-gate molding is a 'Weld line', caused by incomplete fusion of cooled flow fronts; it is improved by raising mold temperature, resin temperature, and injection speed, and cleaning gas vents.

Silvery white streaks on the part surface called 'Silver streaks' are mainly caused by insufficient pellet drying (moisture) or air entrapment, prevented by thorough pre-drying and proper back pressure. Dark brown charring at the end of fill called a 'Burn mark' is caused by diesel-effect adiabatic compression, corrected by lowering injection speed and cleaning gas vents.

In addition, snake-like patterns emerging from the gate called 'Jetting' are prevented by slowing initial injection speed; nozzle 'Stringing' is prevented by lowering nozzle temperature and applying suck-back; and part 'Warpage' is countered by uniform mold cooling.

5. Typical Injection Molding Defects, Causes, and Countermeasures

Key points


  • 'Short shots' stem from insufficient pressure/temperature, 'Flash' from insufficient clamping force or excessive pressure, and 'Sink marks / Voids' from insufficient holding pressure

  • 'Weld lines' are improved by raising mold/resin temperature and injection speed, while 'Burn marks' are fixed by lowering injection speed and cleaning gas vents

  • 'Silver streaks' are prevented by thorough pre-drying, 'Jetting' by reducing initial injection speed, and 'Stringing' by lowering nozzle temperature and using suck-back
WordMeaning
Short shot and Flash
Sink mark and Void
Weld line and Jetting
Silver streak and Burn mark

6. Compression Molding and Transfer Molding (Thermosetting Resin Molding Methods)

For 'Thermosetting resins' such as Phenolic (PF), Melamine (MF), Urea (UF), Unsaturated Polyester (UP), and Epoxy (EP), the primary processing methods are 'Compression molding' and 'Transfer molding'.

In 'Compression molding', powdered or tablet-form molding compound is placed directly into the lower cavity of a heated mold (approx. 150–180°C), and the mold is closed under heat and pressure so the material flows to fill the cavity while curing via a chemical cross-linking reaction.

'Pre-heating' the material tablets with a high-frequency pre-heater before loading improves flowability inside the mold, substantially shortens the 'Cure time (hardening time)', and reduces moisture and volatile gases.

Because condensation water and reaction gases are generated during the curing reaction, the mold is momentarily cracked open slightly at the early stage of pressing in an operation called 'Breathing (degassing)' to vent gases and prevent surface 'Blisters' and internal pores.

Meanwhile, in 'Transfer molding', thermosetting resin softened in a heating chamber ('Pot') is forced by a plunger through runners and gates into a pre-closed cavity; this method excels at precision insert molding without damaging delicate metal terminals.

Key points


  • Compression molding places thermosetting resin into a heated mold and cures it via a chemical reaction under heat and pressure

  • Momentarily opening the mold slightly early in pressing is called 'Breathing (degassing)' and prevents gas-induced 'Blisters'

  • 'Transfer molding' forces resin from a pot into a closed mold, making it ideal for insert molding and thick, complex parts
WordMeaning
Compression molding and Transfer molding
Cure time (Hardening time)
Breathing (Degassing)
Blister and Pre-heating

7. Blow Molding (Hollow Molding), Extrusion Molding, and Vacuum Forming

In 'Blow molding (hollow molding)' used to manufacture hollow containers such as bottles and tanks, molten resin is first extruded downward from a die head as a hot tubular pipe called a 'Parison', clamped between split mold halves, and inflated with compressed air to take the mold shape.

The bottom section where the closing mold halves pinch and weld the parison shut is called the 'Pinch-off'; to counteract 'Draw-down' (where the hot parison sags under its own weight and thins at the top), a 'Parison controller' dynamically adjusts the die gap to control wall thickness.

In 'Biaxial stretch blow molding' used for PET bottles, a test-tube-shaped 'Preform' made by injection molding is stretched lengthwise by a stretch rod while being inflated radially with high-pressure air, boosting transparency, strength, and gas-barrier performance.

Meanwhile, 'Extrusion molding' continuously pushes molten resin through a shaping die and cools it, making it ideal for continuous production of long products with a constant cross-section such as pipes, films, sheets, and wire insulation.

Furthermore, 'Vacuum forming (thermoforming)' heats and softens a plastic sheet (made by extrusion) and evacuates the air between the sheet and mold so atmospheric pressure presses the sheet tightly against the mold contour; it is widely used for mass-producing food trays and blister packs.

Key points


  • Blow molding clamps a tubular 'Parison' inside a split mold ('Pinch-off') and blows compressed air inside to form hollow containers

  • Gravitational sagging of the parison ('Draw-down') is compensated by controlling wall thickness with a 'Parison controller'

  • Continuous production of constant-cross-section pipes/films uses 'Extrusion molding', while forming heated sheets into trays uses 'Vacuum forming'
WordMeaning
Blow molding (Hollow molding)
Parison and Pinch-off section
Draw-down and Parison controller
Extrusion molding and Vacuum forming

8. Plastic Material Testing (Mechanical Properties, MFR, Thermal Properties) and Precision Measurement

Mechanical strength tests for plastics include the 'Tensile test' (pulling a dumbbell-shaped specimen to measure tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus) and the 'Charpy impact test' (striking a notched specimen with a pendulum hammer to measure impact toughness).

Resistance to gradual deformation over long periods under constant load and elevated temperature is called 'Creep resistance'; resistance to repeated cyclic stress is 'Fatigue resistance'; and cracking that occurs when an organic solvent or oil contacts an area under tensile stress is called 'Solvent cracking (environmental stress cracking)'.

An index of melt flowability for thermoplastic resins is the 'MFR (Melt Mass-Flow Rate)', expressed as the mass in grams extruded through a standard die over 10 minutes (g/10min) under specified temperature and load; a higher MFR value indicates lower viscosity and higher flowability.

An index of heat resistance is the 'Heat Deflection Temperature (Temperature of Deflection Under Load: HDT)', which measures the temperature at which a specimen deflects by a specified amount under a standard bending stress; reinforcing crystalline resins with glass fiber (GF) dramatically increases HDT.

When measuring molded part dimensions with calipers or micrometers, because plastics have a much lower elastic modulus and are softer than metals, excessive measuring force causes deformation and error. Also, parts must be cooled completely to room temperature before measurement because thermal shrinkage continues right after ejection.

Key points


  • Impact toughness is evaluated by the 'Charpy impact test', and resistance to long-term deformation under constant load by the 'Creep test'

  • A higher 'MFR (g/10min)' value means lower melt viscosity and easier resin flow

  • Dimensional measurement of plastic parts must be performed with moderate measuring force after the part has fully cooled to room temperature
WordMeaning
Charpy impact test and Creep resistance
MFR (Melt Mass-Flow Rate)
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)
Solvent cracking (Environmental stress cracking)

9. Occupational Health and Safety in Molding Shops (Safety Devices, Purging, Mold Change, 5S)

Because the clamping unit of an injection molding machine exerts immense force ranging from tens to thousands of kN, it is equipped with an 'Interlock (safety device)' that electrically, mechanically, and hydraulically stops mold closing whenever the safety door is opened. Disabling the interlock is strictly prohibited.

During 'Purging (cylinder cleaning)' for material or color changes, 200–300°C molten resin and decomposition gases can violently spurt from the nozzle; operators must close the nozzle safety cover and wear safety glasses (face shield) and heat-resistant gloves.

If incompatible resins such as Polyacetal (POM) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) mix inside a heated cylinder, a violent chemical reaction generates toxic gas and causes resin eruption; never switch directly between POM and PVC—always perform intermediate purging with PE or acrylic purging compound.

When replacing heavy molds using a crane and slings, qualified personnel must keep the sling angle within 60° and never enter beneath a suspended load. When clearing stuck resin or cleaning inside the mold, stop the machine completely and use brass or copper rods to avoid scratching the cavity surface.

Furthermore, resin pellets or hydraulic oil spilled on the floor create severe slipping hazards and must be swept up immediately through '5S activities (Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain)' combined with pre-shift 'KY (Hazard Prediction) activities'.

Key points


  • Never disable the safety door 'Interlock'; stop the machine before working inside the mold and use brass/copper tools to remove stuck resin

  • During 'Purging', close the nozzle safety cover, wear eye protection and heat-resistant gloves, and never mix POM and PVC inside the cylinder

  • Pellets spilled on the floor cause slip-and-fall accidents; practice thorough 5S and sweep them up immediately
WordMeaning
Safety door and Interlock
Purging operation (Cylinder cleaning)
Heat-resistant gloves and Safety glasses
5S activities and KY (Hazard prediction)

Plastic Molding (Materials, Injection Machines, Molds, Defects)

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