Site Rules & Related Laws and Regulations
現場のルール・関係法令
Construction – Building (SSW 2) · 建設分野(2号・建築区分) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.
建設業法(請負契約・主任技術者・監理技術者・丸投げ禁止)
Construction Business Act (Contracts, Chief/Managing Engineers & Subcontracting Rules)
建設業法では、請負契約は対等な立場で合意し書面に署名または記名押印して互いに交付します。なお、建築一式工事以外で1件の請負代金が「500万円未満(税込み)」の軽微な建設工事は建設業許可がなくても請け負えます。
Under the Construction Business Act, construction contracts must be concluded on an equal footing in writing, signed or sealed, and exchanged by both parties. Minor construction work (other than general building work) with a contract price 'under 5 million yen (tax included)' can be undertaken without a construction business license.
建設業許可業者は、請負金額の大小にかかわらず工事現場ごとに施工の技術上の管理をつかさどる「主任技術者」を配置しなければなりません。
A licensed construction contractor must assign a 'Chief Engineer (Shunin gijutsusha)' to every construction site regardless of contract amount to manage technical construction matters.
一方、発注者から直接請け負った特定建設業者が、下請契約の総額「4,500万円以上(建築一式工事では7,000万円以上)」となる場合には、主任技術者に代えて工事全体を指導監督する「監理技術者」を配置します。
When a Specified Construction Contractor receiving a contract directly from the client concludes subcontracts totaling '45 million yen or more (70 million yen or more for general building work)', a 'Managing Engineer (Kanri gijutsusha)' must be assigned instead to supervise the entire project.
請け負った工事を丸ごと他社に請け負わせる「一括下請負(丸投げ)」は、公共工事では全面禁止であり、民間工事でも原則として禁止されています。
'Blanket subcontracting (Ikkatsu shitaukeoi / Marunage)'—passing an entire contracted project to another company—is completely prohibited in public works and prohibited in principle in private works.

Key points
- 建築一式以外で請負代金「500万円未満(税込み)」は軽微な工事であり、請負契約は書面を相互交付する。
Non-architectural-general work under 5 million yen (tax included) is minor construction work; contracts must be exchanged in writing. - 許可業者は現場ごとに「主任技術者」を置き、下請総額4,500万円(建築一式7,000万円)以上の特定建設業者は「監理技術者」を置く。
Assign a 'Chief Engineer' to every site, or a 'Managing Engineer' when subcontracts total 45 million yen (70 million yen for general building) or more. - 一括下請負(丸投げ)は公共工事で全面禁止、民間工事でも原則禁止である。
Blanket subcontracting (Marunage) is completely banned in public works and prohibited in principle in private works.
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 主任技術者 | Chief Engineer (Shunin gijutsusha) |
| 監理技術者 | Managing Engineer (Kanri gijutsusha) |
| 一括下請負(丸投げ) | Blanket subcontracting (Ikkatsu shitaukeoi / Marunage) |
労働基準法・労働安全衛生法・労災保険法
Labor Standards Act, Industrial Safety and Health Act & Workers' Compensation
労働基準法では、1日の実労働時間が8時間を超える日(例:8時間30分)は途中で「60分以上」の休憩を与え、時間外・休日労働には「労使協定(三六協定)」を監督署長へ届け出て、時間外「25%以上」・法定休日「35%以上」の割増賃金を支払います。
Under the Labor Standards Act, a break of 'at least 60 minutes' is required when daily working hours exceed 8 hours (e.g., 8 hours 30 minutes); overtime or holiday work requires filing a 'Labor-Management Agreement (Article 36 Agreement)' with the Labor Standards Inspection Office and paying premium wages of '25% or more' for overtime and '35% or more' for statutory holidays.
賃金は「毎月1回以上・一定期日・通貨で・直接本人に・全額」支払い、雇入れから6か月継続勤務し8割以上出勤した労働者には「10労働日」の年次有給休暇を与えます。
Wages must be paid 'at least once a month, on a fixed date, in currency, directly to the worker, and in full'; workers employed continuously for 6 months with at least 80% attendance receive '10 working days' of paid annual leave.
建設現場の労災保険は「元請事業者が一括加入」して下請労働者も補償対象となり、休業4日未満(例:休業3日)の労働者死傷病報告は「3か月ごとにまとめ翌月末まで」に労働基準監督署へ提出します。
For construction sites, the prime contractor enrolls in Workers' Compensation Insurance as a whole, covering subcontractor workers as well; a Worker Casualty Report for injuries causing fewer than 4 days of absence (e.g., 3 days) is compiled 'every 3 months and submitted by the end of the following month'.
労働安全衛生法により混在常時「50人以上」の現場では「統括安全衛生責任者」を選任し、雇入時・作業内容変更時教育や職長教育を行います。高さ2m以上は手すりを設け、高さ5m以上等の足場組立は「作業主任者」を選任します。
Under the Industrial Safety and Health Act, sites with '50 or more' mixed workers require an 'Overall Safety and Health Controller'; safety training is required upon hiring/task change and for new foremen; working floors and guardrails are required at heights of 2 m or more; and an 'Operations Chief' must be appointed from skill training graduates for hanging scaffolds, cantilevered scaffolds, or scaffolds 5 m or higher.
Key points
- 8時間超勤務時の休憩は「60分以上」、三六協定届出による割増賃金率は「時間外25%以上・法定休日35%以上」、6か月8割出勤の有給休暇は「10労働日」である。
Provide a ≥ 60-minute break when working over 8 hours; overtime premium is ≥ 25% and statutory holiday premium is ≥ 35% (with an Article 36 Agreement); 6 months service (≥ 80% attendance) grants 10 days paid leave. - 労災保険は元請一括加入で下請も補償され、休業3日の死傷病報告は「3か月ごとにまとめ翌月末まで」に監督署へ出す。
Workers' Comp Insurance is covered collectively by the prime contractor; 3-day absence casualty reports are submitted quarterly by the end of the next month. - 混在常時50人以上では「統括安全衛生責任者」、つり足場・張出し足場・高さ5m以上の足場作業では「作業主任者」を選任し、高さ2m以上では作業床と手すりを設ける。
Appoint an 'Overall Safety and Health Controller' for ≥ 50 mixed workers, an 'Operations Chief' for hanging/cantilevered/≥ 5 m scaffolds, and working floors at heights ≥ 2 m.
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 三六協定 | Article 36 Labor-Management Agreement (Sanroku kyoutei) |
| 統括安全衛生責任者 | Overall Safety and Health Controller (Toukatsu anzen eisei sekininsha) |
| 労働者死傷病報告 | Worker Casualty Report (Roudousha shishoubyou houkoku) |
建築基準法(建ぺい率・容積率・斜線・日影規制)と道路許可
Building Standards Act (Coverage Ratio, Floor Area Ratio, Height Limits) & Road Permits
建築基準法において、敷地面積に対する建築面積(真上から見た水平投影面積)の割合の上限を「建ぺい率」、敷地面積に対する延べ面積(各階床面積の合計)の割合の上限を「容積率」といいます。
Under the Building Standards Act, the maximum ratio of building area (horizontal projection area viewed from above) to site area is the 'building coverage ratio (Kenpeiritsu)', and the maximum ratio of total floor area of all stories to site area is the 'floor area ratio (Yousekiritsu)'.
計算例:敷地200㎡で建ぺい率60%・容積率200%なら建築面積上限は「120㎡」・延べ面積上限は「400㎡」であり、敷地200㎡で容積率300%なら延べ面積上限は「600㎡」です。
Calculation examples: On a 200 m² lot with a 60% coverage ratio and 200% floor area ratio, the maximum building area is '120 m²' and maximum total floor area is '400 m²'; with a 300% floor area ratio on a 200 m² lot, the maximum total floor area is '600 m²'.
建物の高さや配置を制限する「日影規制」や「斜線制限」は、周辺の敷地や住宅における日照・採光・通風などの良好な住環境を確保するために定められています。
Height and placement restrictions such as 'shadow regulations (Hikage kisei)' and 'setback slope limits (Shasen seigen)' ensure good living environments with sunlight, daylighting, and ventilation for surrounding lots and homes.
また、道路上に足場や仮囲いを継続設置したりクレーン車を置いて作業したりする場合には、道路管理者からの「道路占用許可」と所轄警察署長からの「道路使用許可」の両方が必要です。
When continuously installing scaffolds/hoardings or parking a mobile crane on a public road for work, both a 'Road Occupancy Permit (Douro sen'you kyoka)' from the road administrator and a 'Road Use Permit (Douro shiyou kyoka)' from the police chief are required.
Key points
- 敷地面積に対する建築面積の割合上限を「建ぺい率」、延べ面積の割合上限を「容積率」という。
Building area / site area is 'building coverage ratio (Kenpeiritsu)', and total floor area / site area is 'floor area ratio (Yousekiritsu)'. - 敷地200㎡(建ぺい率60%・容積率200%)の上限は建築面積120㎡・延べ面積400㎡、容積率300%なら延べ面積600㎡である。
A 200 m² site (60% coverage, 200% FAR) allows 120 m² building area and 400 m² total floor area; 300% FAR allows 600 m² total floor area. - 道路上に足場やクレーンを設置する際は、道路管理者の「道路占用許可」と警察署長の「道路使用許可」の両方をとる。
Using public roads for scaffolds or cranes requires both a 'Road Occupancy Permit' (road administrator) and a 'Road Use Permit' (police chief).
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 建ぺい率・容積率 | Building coverage ratio (Kenpeiritsu) & Floor area ratio (Yousekiritsu) |
| 道路占用許可・道路使用許可 | Road Occupancy Permit & Road Use Permit |
| 河川区域・河川保全区域 | River Area & River Conservation Area (River Act) |
建設リサイクル法・産廃管理・石綿報告・騒音振動と排水
Construction Recycling Act, Waste Manifests, Asbestos Reporting, Noise & Wastewater
建設リサイクル法では、解体床面積合計「80㎡以上」の建築物解体工事において、特定建設資材4品目「コンクリート、コンクリート・鉄の資材、木材、アスファルト」の分別解体と再資源化が義務づけられています。
Under the Construction Recycling Act, building demolition projects with a total floor area of '80 m² or more' require sorted demolition and recycling of four Specified Construction Materials: 'concrete, materials composed of concrete and steel, wood, and asphalt-concrete'.
石綿(アスベスト)の事前調査結果も、解体床面積合計「80㎡以上」の解体工事では労働基準監督署や自治体へ報告します。また騒音規制法・振動規制法の「特定建設作業」は、作業開始の「7日前まで」に市町村長へ届け出ます。
Pre-demolition asbestos survey results must also be reported to the Labor Standards Inspection Office and municipality when the demolished floor area totals '80 m² or more'. Under the Noise and Vibration Regulation Acts, 'Specified Construction Work' must be reported to the municipal mayor 'at least 7 days before work begins'.
産業廃棄物の処理責任は排出事業者(元請業者)にあり、産業廃棄物管理票(マニフェスト)で最終処分まで確認します。また掘削した建設発生土(残土)には木くずや廃プラスチックが混ざらないよう分別管理します。
The waste-generating contractor ('prime contractor') is responsible for industrial waste disposal and must verify final disposal using an Industrial Waste Management Ticket ('Manifest'). Excavated soil (Zando) must be kept separate from wood chips and waste plastics.
生コン打設後の強いアルカリ性洗浄排水は中和処理を行い、掘削作業の泥水(濁水)は沈殿槽や濁水処理装置で基準値内に処理してから排水します。
Strongly alkaline wash water from concrete chutes and mixers must be neutralized rather than poured into drains, and muddy excavation water must be treated within standards using sedimentation tanks or turbid water treatment units before discharge.
Key points
- 解体床面積「80㎡以上」では特定建設資材4品目の分別解体・再資源化と、石綿事前調査結果の報告が義務となる。
Demolition of '80 m² or more' floor area requires recycling the 4 Specified Construction Materials and reporting pre-survey asbestos results. - 特定建設作業(騒音・振動)の届出期限は、作業開始の「7日前まで(市町村長宛て)」である。
Notify the municipal mayor at least '7 days before starting' noisy/vibrating Specified Construction Work. - 産廃処理責任は「元請業者」にありマニフェストで確認し、アルカリ洗浄水は中和処理、泥水は沈殿・濁水処理を行う。
The prime contractor tracks industrial waste with a Manifest, neutralizes alkaline concrete wash water, and treats muddy water in sedimentation tanks.
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 特定建設資材(4品目) | Four Specified Construction Materials (Tokutei kensetsu shizai) |
| 特定建設作業 | Specified Construction Work under Noise/Vibration Acts |
| 産業廃棄物管理票(マニフェスト) | Industrial Waste Manifest (Retained for 5 years) |
Site Rules and Related Laws
Practice this chapter in the appOfficial references
- 建設分野特定技能2号評価試験(一般社団法人建設技能人材機構 JAC) — https://jac-skill.or.jp/exam.html
- 建設分野特定技能2号評価試験 試験実施要領(国土交通省) — https://www.mlit.go.jp/tochi_fudousan_kensetsugyo/content/001708857.pdf