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Food Hygiene Management

Food Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 飲食料品製造業(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Role of the Foreman and Three Hazard Factors (Food Poisoning, Parasites, Chemicals)

While Category 1 workers follow established procedures, a Category 2 foreman creates Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and identifies issues from daily records to improve hygiene management.

Hazards are biological, chemical, or physical. Infectious bacteria like Campylobacter and enterohemorrhagic E. coli are killed by heating the core to 75°C for at least 1 minute, whereas toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (in hand wounds) or heat-resistant spore-forming Clostridium botulinum are hard to detoxify by heat, making multiplication prevention critical.

Clostridium perfringens (Welchii), an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium that multiplies in large pots of curry or stew, requires rapid cooling through the 20°C–50°C zone to 20°C or below within 60 minutes (and finally 10°C or below). Norovirus requires heating at 85–90°C for at least 90 seconds and sodium hypochlorite disinfection (alcohol is less effective).

The parasite Anisakis is killed by freezing at -20°C for at least 24 hours or heating at 60°C for at least 1 minute (or 70°C+). Histamine (a chemical hazard) in red-fleshed fish is heat-stable and cannot be removed by cooking or freezing, so its formation must be prevented through low-temperature control.

Key points


  • Foremen draft work procedure manuals (SOPs) and discover issues from daily records to improve hygiene management.

  • Prevent Clostridium perfringens by rapidly cooling through 20–50°C to 20°C or below within 60 minutes (down to ≤10°C); inactivate Norovirus by heating at 85–90°C for ≥90 seconds and using chlorine disinfection.

  • Kill Anisakis by freezing at -20°C for ≥24 hours or heating; prevent heat-stable histamine formation through freshness and low-temperature control.
WordMeaning
biological, chemical, and physical hazard factors
infectious-type and toxin-type food poisoning
spore, Clostridium perfringens
Anisakis parasite, histamine
sodium hypochlorite

General Hygiene Management (5S, Zoning, Cleaning and Sanitizing)

The 5S foundation of general hygiene is Sort (Seiri: discard unneeded items), Set in Order (Seiton: keep needed items in fixed locations for easy retrieval), Shine (Seisou: clean), Standardize (Seiketsu: maintain 3S), and Sustain (Shuukanka: make it a habit).

Zoning to prevent cross-contamination keeps air pressure higher in clean zones (positive pressure), color-codes tools, and separates worker flow lines. Enter the packaging room in the order of 'lint-rolling BEFORE handwashing → handwashing and disinfecting → air shower,' and exclude workers with diarrhea from food handling.

To prepare 15 L (15,000 mL) of 200 ppm sanitizing solution from a 6% (60,000 ppm) sodium hypochlorite stock solution, the required stock volume is 15,000 × 200 ÷ 60,000 = 50 mL.

Key points


  • Maintain positive pressure in clean work zones, and apply the adhesive lint roller before handwashing upon entry to prevent re-contaminating hands.

  • Calculate stock sanitizer volume as: Target volume (mL) × Target concentration (ppm) ÷ Stock concentration (ppm) (where 6% = 60,000 ppm).
WordMeaning
zoning, positive air pressurization
cross-contamination, adhesive lint roller
dilution calculation (parts per million)

Allergen Control and Insect & Rodent Control

For allergen control (8 mandatory specific raw materials), manufacture allergen-free products first, use dedicated tools, and verify disassembly cleaning via visual checks and swab tests. Pest and rodent control follows the 3 principles: do not let them enter, do not let them settle, and do not let them breed.

The 3 principles of insect and rodent control are: do not let them enter, do not let them settle, and do not let them breed. Seal gaps to the outside, eliminate food scraps and standing water through cleaning, and identify breeding sources from insect trap monitoring results.

Key points


  • In allergen control, produce allergen-free items first, use dedicated tools, and prevent cross-contamination via visual checks and swab tests after disassembly cleaning.

  • Manage insects and rodents through the 3 principles (prevent entry, settlement, and breeding) and periodic monitoring.
WordMeaning
8 mandatory specific allergen raw materials
allergen, swab test
three principles of insect and rodent control

HACCP 12 Steps & 7 Principles and Critical Control Point (CCP) Operations

Built on general hygiene, HACCP is divided into 'HACCP-based hygiene management' and 'hygiene management incorporating the HACCP concept.' Following the 5 preparation steps (team formation to on-site verification of the flow diagram) are the 7 principles: Hazard Analysis → CCP determination → Critical Limit (CL) setting → Monitoring → Corrective Action → Verification → Record-keeping.

Examples of heating CCPs include deep-frying frozen minced meat cutlets (180°C for ≥5 min), baking hamburger patties (core temperature 75°C for ≥1 min), and retort sterilization (continuous monitoring at 120°C for ≥4 min).

In unheated mixing processes such as potato salad, because there is no subsequent heat sterilization step, raw material sanitization, rapid cooling after boiling, pH adjustment with vinegar, and product temperature control at 10°C or below are strictly enforced.

At a metal detector or X-ray foreign-object detector CCP (which can also inspect stones, glass, hard bones, and aluminum-evaporated film packages), if a test piece fails to trigger detection, stop the line immediately, adjust the unit, and isolate and re-inspect all products back to the last normal check.

HACCP 12 Steps & 7 Principles and Critical Control Point (CCP) Operations

Key points


  • The 7 principles of HACCP (Steps 6–12) proceed in order: Hazard Analysis → CCP determination → Critical Limit (CL) → Monitoring → Corrective Action → Verification → Record-keeping.

  • Reliably execute heating CCPs (core 75°C for ≥1 min, retort 120°C for ≥4 min, etc.) and temperature/pH control in unheated processes.

  • If a metal or X-ray detector shows abnormal sensitivity, stop the line and isolate and re-inspect all products produced since the last normal check.
WordMeaning
Hazard Analysis (HA)
Critical Control Point (CCP), Critical Limit (CL)
monitoring, corrective action, verification
metal detector, X-ray foreign object detector
test piece, retroactive re-inspection

Food Hygiene Management

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