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Production Control

Food Manufacturing (SSW 2) · 飲食料品製造業(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Production Types, Production Planning, IE (Standard Time), and JIT

Production types include 'Make-to-Stock' based on demand forecasts and 'Make-to-Order' produced after receiving orders, as well as 'Low-mix high-volume' and 'High-mix low-volume' production. Production plans are detailed sequentially from Master (long-term) → Medium-term (monthly) → Short-term (weekly/daily) schedules.

Industrial Engineering (IE) eliminates waste through 'Method Study' and 'Work Measurement.' 'Standard Time (ST)' per unit = 'Net Time + Allowance Time'; Standard Output = Working Time ÷ ST; and Required Workers = Total Required Man-hours ÷ Working Hours per Person.

Just-In-Time (JIT) produces and supplies 'what is needed, when it is needed, in the amount needed' to reduce inventory waste, and the 3 elements of standard work are 'Takt Time, Work Sequence, and Standard Work-in-Process (WIP).'

Key points


  • Understand Make-to-Stock vs. Make-to-Order, Low-mix high-volume vs. High-mix low-volume, and Master/Medium/Short-term schedules.

  • Calculate standard output and required personnel from Standard Time (Net Time + Allowance Time).

  • Grasp JIT (what is needed, when needed, in the amount needed) and the 3 elements of standard work (Takt time, work sequence, standard WIP).
WordMeaning
make-to-stock production, make-to-order production
low-mix high-volume, high-mix low-volume production
standard time (net time + allowance time)
Just-In-Time (JIT)
takt time, standard work-in-process (WIP)

Productivity, Unit Consumption, Bottleneck Processes, and Changeover Improvement

Productivity is 'OUTPUT ÷ INPUT,' and labor productivity (man-hour productivity) is 'Output ÷ Total Man-hours (Workers × Hours).' Conversely, the input required per unit of output (INPUT ÷ OUTPUT) is 'Unit Consumption (Gentan-i),' where a smaller value means higher efficiency.

Production efficiency = Actual Output ÷ Standard Output × 100 (%). In a serial line, the 'Bottleneck Process' with the longest cycle time and lowest capacity determines the entire line's output (e.g., if the slowest step takes 45 sec/unit, maximum output in 1 hour of 3,600 sec is 80 units).

Prevent delays using 'Line Balancing' to equalize cycle times across steps and progress control charts. During product changeovers, convert 'Internal Setup' (done only while stopped) into 'External Setup' (prepared while running) to shorten downtime, and use Poka-yoke to prevent errors.

Productivity, Unit Consumption, Bottleneck Processes, and Changeover Improvement

Key points


  • Calculate Productivity (OUTPUT ÷ INPUT, higher is better), Unit Consumption (INPUT ÷ OUTPUT, lower is better), and Man-hour Productivity.

  • Because a serial line's capacity is constrained by its slowest 'Bottleneck Process,' improve it through Line Balancing.

  • Shorten changeover downtime by converting internal setup to external setup, and prevent operational mistakes with Poka-yoke.
WordMeaning
productivity, man-hour productivity, man-hours
unit consumption (input per unit of output)
bottleneck process, line balancing
internal setup (offline), external setup (online)
Poka-yoke (mistake-proofing)

Yield, Time Operating Rate, and Equipment Maintenance

'Yield (Good output weight ÷ Input raw material weight × 100)' is the ratio of raw material turned into product (based on full bags if sold by bag; cooked rice yield is ~220% due to water absorption). Combined yield across 2 steps is the product of each yield (90% × 80% = 72%), and required raw material = Target Output ÷ Yield (400 kg ÷ 0.8 = 500 kg); an abnormally high yield suggests excess water or mixing errors.

Equipment 'Time Operating Rate' = Actual Operating Time ÷ Loading Time (planned operating time excluding breaks and planned prep/cleaning) × 100. To reduce the 7 Major Equipment Losses (such as minor stops/idling), practice Preventive Maintenance (PM) and daily Autonomous Maintenance (cleaning, lubrication, retightening bolts, 5-sense checks).

Key points


  • Calculate yield (combined yield = product of step yields; required material = target ÷ yield) and check causes when yield is abnormally high.

  • Understand Time Operating Rate (Actual Operating Time ÷ Loading Time × 100) and prevent minor stops via Preventive and Autonomous Maintenance (cleaning, oiling, retightening).
WordMeaning
yield, overall combined yield
time operating rate, loading time
minor stops, preventive maintenance, autonomous maintenance

Inventory Control (Ordering Systems), Manufacturing Cost, and Energy Saving

Inventory ordering uses the 'Fixed-Quantity Ordering System' (ordering a fixed quantity when stock drops to the reorder point) or the 'Periodic Ordering System' (ordering the required amount at fixed intervals), strictly enforcing First-In, First-Out (FIFO) during storage.

Manufacturing cost consists of three elements: 'Material Cost + Labor Cost + Manufacturing Overhead.' Shortening operating hours and improving yield directly contribute not only to cost reduction but also to energy conservation (CO2 reduction) and food loss reduction.

Key points


  • Understand Fixed-Quantity Ordering (reorder point method) vs. Periodic Ordering, and manage inventory using FIFO.

  • Grasp the 3 elements of manufacturing cost (material, labor, and overhead costs), improving yield to lower costs and save energy.
WordMeaning
fixed-quantity ordering system, reorder point
periodic ordering system, first-in first-out (FIFO)
manufacturing cost (material, labor, and overhead costs)

Official references