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Understanding Dementia

National Exam for Certified Care Workers 介護福祉士 · 介護福祉士国家試験(筆記) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.

Basic Concepts of Dementia, the Basic Act on Dementia, and the New View of Dementia

Dementia refers to a state in which cognitive functions that once developed normally experience sustained decline due to an acquired organic brain disorder, interfering with daily and social life.

As an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia, a state where cognitive decline such as forgetfulness is present but basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) remain independent is called Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

In January 2024 (Reiwa 6), the Basic Act on Dementia to Promote the Realization of an Inclusive Society took effect, explicitly stating the goal of realizing a society where persons with dementia can live with hope while maintaining their dignity.

This law emphasizes the New View of Dementia: developing dementia does not mean becoming unable to do anything; rather, with surrounding understanding and environmental adjustments, people can continue living true to themselves in their familiar community.

Community initiatives are also advancing, such as Person-Centered Meetings (where individuals with dementia gather to share experiences and hopes) and Team Orange (where Dementia Supporters form teams to provide watchful support and outing assistance).

Key points


  • Dementia is a sustained decline in previously developed cognitive functions due to acquired brain disorder that disrupts daily life

  • Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a borderline state with partial cognitive decline but preserved independence in daily life

  • The Basic Act on Dementia (effective Jan 2024) sets forth the New View of Dementia: living with dignity and hope
WordMeaning
Dementia
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Basic Act on Dementia
Team Orange and Person-Centered Meetings

Differentiation from Age-Related Forgetfulness, Delirium, and Geriatric Depression, and Assessment Scales

In benign forgetfulness due to physiological aging, a person forgets part of an experience (such as a meal menu) and is aware of forgetting; in dementia memory impairment, the person forgets the entire experience (having eaten the meal itself) and lacks awareness.

Delirium develops abruptly (over hours to days) triggered by dehydration, infection, surgery, medications, or environmental changes, presenting with reduced consciousness and attention, hallucinations, and agitation that fluctuate markedly within a day (worsening at night).

Geriatric depression often follows loss experiences, presenting with depressed mood, loss of motivation, poor appetite, insomnia, strong self-reproach, and diurnal variation that is typically worse in the morning.

Treatable dementias that can recover with neurosurgery or medical treatment include Chronic Subdural Hematoma (following head trauma), Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and dementia), and Hypothyroidism.

Widely used cognitive screening tools include the Revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R, where 20/30 points or below suspects dementia) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, with a cutoff of 23/30 points or below, including figure copying).

Key points


  • Dementia involves forgetting entire experiences and progressive course, whereas delirium features acute onset, clouded consciousness, and diurnal fluctuation

  • Remember treatable causes: Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, and Hypothyroidism

  • Screening cutoff scores: HDS-R is 20/30 or less; MMSE is 23/30 or less
WordMeaning
Delirium (disturbance of consciousness, diurnal fluctuation)
Chronic subdural hematoma and Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R)
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

Understanding Core Symptoms and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)

Dementia symptoms are divided into Core Symptoms, which arise directly from destruction of brain neurons, and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD), which emerge secondarily from the interaction of core symptoms with personality, physical condition, environment, and relationships.

Representative core symptoms are Memory Impairment (especially recent memory impairment, forgetting events from minutes to days ago) and Disorientation (losing orientation in the order of Time/Season -> Place -> Person).

Core symptoms also include Executive Dysfunction (inability to plan and carry out sequences of actions), impaired judgment, and Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia caused by cerebral cortex damage.

Meanwhile, BPSD comprises behavioral symptoms (wandering, desire to go home, agitation, verbal/physical aggression, care refusal, unhygienic behavior, pica) and psychological symptoms (anxiety, irritability, depression, apathy, hallucinations, delusions).

For example, Delusion of Theft (forgetting where a wallet was put and accusing family or care workers of stealing it) is a BPSD; the appropriate response is not to deny or argue, but to accept the person's anxiety and look for it together.

Understanding Core Symptoms and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)

Key points


  • Core symptoms include memory impairment, disorientation (time -> place -> person), executive dysfunction, and aphasia/apraxia/agnosia

  • BPSD arises when physical discomfort (constipation, dehydration) or inappropriate environment/care interacts with core symptoms

  • For delusions of theft or desire to go home, empathize with the person's feelings rather than denying or arguing
WordMeaning
Core symptoms
Disorientation
Executive dysfunction
BPSD (Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia)

Causes and Clinical Features of Alzheimer's Type Dementia and Vascular Dementia

Alzheimer's type dementia, the most common cause of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease in which abnormal proteins (amyloid-beta and tau protein) accumulate in the brain, causing gradual atrophy starting from the Hippocampus (governing memory) and temporal/parietal lobes to the entire brain.

Alzheimer's type is more common in women, progresses slowly with an insidious onset, and is characterized by prominent early recent memory impairment, disorientation, delusions of theft, and covering-up responses (confabulation/glossing over).

In contrast, Vascular Dementia develops when brain tissue undergoes necrosis due to cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, and is relatively more common in men with lifestyle disease risks like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking.

Vascular dementia shows a Stepwise Progression that worsens in stages with each cerebrovascular attack, and is characterized by Patchy Dementia, where judgment, specialized knowledge, and insight into the illness remain preserved despite severe memory loss.

Vascular dementia also frequently features Emotional Incontinence (crying or getting angry easily over minor stimuli) and early physical neurological symptoms such as hemiplegia, gait disturbance, dysarthria, dysphagia, and urinary frequency.

Key points


  • Alzheimer's type involves amyloid-beta accumulation and hippocampal atrophy, progressing slowly from recent memory impairment

  • Vascular dementia is caused by strokes and features stepwise progression, patchy dementia, and emotional incontinence

  • Vascular dementia often presents with early neurological signs such as paralysis, gait disturbance, and dysphagia
WordMeaning
Alzheimer's type dementia (hippocampal atrophy)
Vascular dementia
Stepwise progression and Patchy dementia
Emotional incontinence

Features of Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Early-Onset Dementia

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is a degenerative disease in which abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies accumulate in the cerebral cortex and brainstem; memory loss may be less noticeable early on, while Fluctuating Cognition (alternating between clear and hazy states by day or hour) is prominent.

Major symptoms of DLB include Vivid and Concrete Visual Hallucinations (clearly seeing non-existent children, insects, or small animals), Parkinsonism (shuffling gait, muscle rigidity, falls), and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (loud sleep talking and thrashing).

DLB also involves autonomic symptoms (orthostatic hypotension, constipation) and Hypersensitivity to Antipsychotic Drugs, so care must focus on fall prevention and adjusting lighting/environment without flatly denying visual hallucinations.

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD, including Pick's disease) involves localized atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes; memory is relatively spared early on, but Disinhibition and Antisocial Behavior (shoplifting, ignoring traffic lights due to loss of rational restraint) and Personality Changes emerge.

FTD also presents with Stereotypic Behavior (timetable-like living, walking the exact same route at the same hour daily) and dietary changes (craving sweets); it is also an important cause of Early-Onset Dementia (onset under age 65, more common in men, where employment retention and financial support are key issues).

Features of Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Early-Onset Dementia

Key points


  • Dementia with Lewy Bodies features fluctuating cognition, vivid visual hallucinations, parkinsonism, and REM sleep behavior disorder

  • Frontotemporal dementia involves frontal/temporal atrophy causing disinhibition, personality change, and stereotypic timetable behavior

  • In Early-Onset Dementia (onset <65 years), employment continuation, financial support, and coordination with Early-Onset Dementia Support Coordinators are vital
WordMeaning
Dementia with Lewy bodies (visual hallucinations, parkinsonism)
REM sleep behavior disorder
Frontotemporal dementia (disinhibition, stereotypic behavior)
Early-onset dementia (onset under age 65)

Person-Centered Care and Specialized Dementia Care Techniques

Person-Centered Care, proposed by British psychologist Tom Kitwood, is the philosophy of respecting a person with dementia as an individual (Person) and understanding and providing care from their perspective and standpoint.

Kitwood illustrated the psychological needs of people with dementia as five petals surrounding Love at the center: Comfort, Identity, Attachment, Occupation, and Inclusion.

Humanitude, developed in France, is a comprehensive care methodology using perception, emotion, and language that combines four pillars—Gaze (Looking), Speech (Talking), Touch, and Verticality (Standing)—to convey the message I care about you.

Validation, systematized by American social worker Naomi Feil, empathetically acknowledges the unresolved past emotions and needs behind a person's confused speech and behavior without denial, encouraging emotional expression through active listening, rephrasing, and mirroring.

Reminiscence Therapy, proposed by psychiatrist Robert Butler, uses old photographs and household items to enjoyably converse about nostalgic past experiences, promoting emotional stability, restoration of self-esteem, and active communication.

Person-Centered Care and Specialized Dementia Care Techniques

Key points


  • Kitwood's Person-Centered Care places Love at the center of five psychological needs (Comfort, Identity, Attachment, Occupation, Inclusion)

  • Humanitude is a care methodology built on four pillars: Looking, Talking, Touching, and Standing

  • Feil's Validation focuses on emotional acknowledgment, while Butler's Reminiscence Therapy fosters emotional stability by recalling the past
WordMeaning
Person-Centered Care (Tom Kitwood)
Humanitude (Looking, Talking, Touching, Standing)
Validation therapy (Naomi Feil)
Reminiscence therapy (Robert Butler)

Decision-Making Support, Pharmacotherapy, and Environmental Support for People with Dementia

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's Guidelines for Decision-Making Support in Daily and Social Life for People with Dementia state the principle that even with cognitive decline, the person has their own will, and support must start from that will with careful collaboration among professionals and family.

Decision-making support proceeds through three steps: arranging human and physical environments to Support Will Formation, using clear language, photos, or real objects to Support Will Expression, and drawing on life history and values to Support Will Realization.

In pharmacotherapy to slow progression, anti-dementia drugs such as cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine: watch for nausea, diarrhea, bradycardia) and NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine: watch for dizziness, drowsiness) are used.

For BPSD, Non-Pharmacological Therapy—reviewing physical discomfort (constipation, pain, dehydration) and environmental mismatch—is the first-line choice; if psychotropic drugs are used, staff must closely monitor side effects such as oversedation, unsteadiness, falls, and impaired swallowing.

Effective environmental support includes keeping familiar furniture to avoid abrupt environmental changes, placing text/pictograms on toilet doors or removing curtains for clear visibility, and creating clear color contrast between the toilet bowl, floor, and handrails.

Key points


  • Decision-making support follows three processes: Supporting Will Formation -> Supporting Will Expression -> Supporting Will Realization

  • Non-pharmacological therapy (environmental adjustment and care review) is the top priority when responding to BPSD

  • In environmental support, maintaining familiar surroundings, toilet pictograms, and clear color contrast are highly effective
WordMeaning
Decision-Making Support Guidelines
Anti-dementia drugs (donepezil, memantine, etc.)
Non-pharmacological therapy
Environmental support (color contrast, visibility)

Family Caregiver Support and Community Dementia Support Systems

Families caring for a person with dementia easily become physically and mentally exhausted from uncertainty about the future and sleep deprivation due to nighttime care, making it essential to empathetically listen to their struggles and reduce their care burden.

Care workers encourage the use of Respite Care (short-term residential care, small-scale multifunctional in-home care, etc.) so families can rest, as well as participation in Dementia Cafes where people with dementia, families, residents, and professionals can casually gather and consult.

As a community medical-care coordination system, Initial-Phase Intensive Support Teams for Dementia—placed in Community General Support Centers—consist of multiple professionals who visit homes of people with suspected early dementia not yet connected to medical or care services.

Medical Centers for Dementia, specialized hospitals designated by prefectures or ordinance-designated cities, handle differential diagnosis, acute treatment of BPSD and physical complications, and specialized medical consultations.

Furthermore, each municipality creates and publishes a Dementia Care Path that shows when, where, and what medical and care services are available according to the stage of dementia progression, supporting daily life across the entire community.

Key points


  • Family support relies on Respite Care, Dementia Cafes, and family peer-support associations

  • Initial-Phase Intensive Support Teams for Dementia visit homes as a multidisciplinary team to connect individuals early to medical and care services

  • Medical Centers for Dementia provide differential diagnosis and acute care, while the Dementia Care Path outlines stage-specific services
WordMeaning
Dementia Cafe
Initial-Phase Intensive Support Team for Dementia
Medical Center for Dementia
Dementia Care Path

Understanding Dementia

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