Store Operations Management, Financial Metrics, Labor, and Safety
店舗運営マネジメントと計数・労務・安全管理
Food Service (SSW 2) · 外食業(2号) · Written by Tokutei Pass based on the official study texts; not copied verbatim.
外食産業の3特性・QSCAの優先順位とPDCA
3 Characteristics of Food Service, QSCA Priority, and PDCA
外食産業には、他の製造業などと比べて「立地産業」「労働集約型産業」「生産と消費の同時性」という3つの特性があります。
Compared with manufacturing or retail, the food service industry has 3 main characteristics: 'location-based industry', 'labor-intensive industry', and 'simultaneity of production and consumption'.
店舗運営の基本指標QSCAのうち、「Q(料理・商品の品質)」は、①品質の一定化(レシピ遵守)、②適切な温度、③早く出す、の順で優先します。
Among the basic store indicators QSCA, 'Q (Quality of food and products)' is prioritized in the order of: (1) uniform product quality (recipe compliance), (2) proper temperature, and (3) serving quickly.
継続的な業務改善では「Plan(計画)→Do(実行)→Check(評価・検証)→Action(改善・処置)」のPDCAサイクルを順番に回します。
For continuous operational improvement, rotate the PDCA cycle in the order of Plan → Do → Check (evaluation/verification) → Action (improvement/corrective measure).
店舗の労働生産性を高めるため、正社員1人あたりの月間売上高は最低70万円以上が目安とされています。
To maintain store labor productivity, the benchmark for monthly sales per regular full-time employee is at least 700,000 yen.
Key points
- 外食産業の3特性は「立地産業」「労働集約型産業」「生産と消費の同時性」
The 3 characteristics of food service: location-based, labor-intensive, and simultaneous production and consumption - Q(品質)の優先順位は、第1に品質の一定化、第2に適切な温度、第3に提供スピード
Priority order of Q (Quality): 1st uniform quality (recipe compliance), 2nd proper temperature, 3rd speed of service - PDCAは計画→実行→評価→改善の順に回し、正社員1人あたりの月間売上目安は最低70万円以上
Rotate PDCA in the order Plan → Do → Check → Action; benchmark monthly sales per regular employee is ≥700,000 yen
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 立地産業 | Location-based industry |
| 労働集約型産業 | Labor-intensive industry |
| 同時性 | Simultaneity (of production and consumption) |
| レシピ遵守 | Recipe compliance |
売上原価・原価率の計算式とロス(差異)の管理
Cost of Sales & Cost Ratio Formulas and Variance (Loss) Control
損益計算書(P/L)において、売上原価は「期首棚卸高+当期仕入高−期末棚卸高」、売上総利益(粗利益)は「売上高−売上原価」で求めます。
On an income statement (P/L), Cost of Sales = Beginning Inventory + Purchases − Ending Inventory, and Gross Profit = Sales − Cost of Sales.
原価率(%)は「売上原価÷売上高×100」です。例えば月間売上500万円、月初在庫30万円、当月仕入140万円、月末在庫20万円なら、売上原価は150万円で原価率は30.0%です。
Cost Ratio (%) = Cost of Sales ÷ Sales × 100. For example, if monthly sales are 5,000,000 yen, beginning inventory is 300,000 yen, purchases are 1,400,000 yen, and ending inventory is 200,000 yen, Cost of Sales is 1,500,000 yen and Cost Ratio is 30.0%.
同様に売上800万円、月首棚卸50万円、当月仕入230万円、月末棚卸40万円なら、売上原価は「50+230−40=240万円」、原価率は「240÷800×100=30.0%」となります。
Similarly, if monthly sales are 8,000,000 yen, beginning inventory is 500,000 yen, purchases are 2,300,000 yen, and ending inventory is 400,000 yen, Cost of Sales is '50 + 230 − 40 = 240 (2.4M yen)' and Cost Ratio is '240 ÷ 800 × 100 = 30.0%'.
理論(標準)原価率と実際原価率に差異(ロス)が生じる主な原因は、オーバーポーション(盛りすぎ)や調理ミス・期限切れの廃棄ロス、棚卸計量ミスです。
Main causes of variance (loss) between theoretical (standard) cost ratio and actual cost ratio are over-portioning, waste from cooking mistakes or expiration, and inventory counting errors.
Key points
- 売上原価=期首棚卸高+当期仕入高−期末棚卸高、原価率=売上原価÷売上高×100
Cost of Sales = Beginning Inventory + Purchases − Ending Inventory; Cost Ratio = Cost of Sales ÷ Sales × 100 - 売上総利益(粗利益)=売上高−売上原価(原価率30%なら粗利益率は70%)
Gross Profit = Sales − Cost of Sales (if the cost ratio is 30%, the gross profit margin is 70%) - 理論原価と実際原価のロスは、レシピ遵守(適正ポーション)と正確な在庫・棚卸管理で改善する
Improve variance between theoretical and actual cost through recipe compliance (proper portioning) and accurate inventory control
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 売上原価 | Cost of sales (food ingredient cost) |
| 売上総利益 | Gross profit |
| 標準原価率 | Standard cost ratio (theoretical cost ratio) |
| オーバーポーション | Over-portioning |
FLコスト・人時売上高・人時生産性・損益分岐点の計算
Calculating FL Cost, Man-Hour Sales/Productivity, and Break-Even Point
FLコストは「食材費(F)+人件費(L)」、FL比率は「(F+L)÷売上高×100」です。例えば月商600万円(または1,000万円)で原価率30%・FL目標55%以下なら、人件費率は25%以下(150万円/250万円以下)に抑えます。
FL Cost = Food Cost (F) + Labor Cost (L), and FL Ratio = (F + L) ÷ Sales × 100. For example, if monthly sales are 6M yen (or 10M yen) with a 30% cost ratio and target FL ratio ≤55%, the labor cost ratio must be kept ≤25% (≤1.5M / ≤2.5M yen).
人時売上高は「売上高÷総労働時間」、人時生産性は「粗利益÷総労働時間」、労働分配率は「人件費÷粗利益×100」です。
Man-Hour Sales = Sales ÷ Total Working Hours; Man-Hour Productivity = Gross Profit ÷ Total Working Hours; Labor Distribution Ratio = Labor Cost ÷ Gross Profit × 100.
例えば1日の売上45万円・粗利益31.5万円・総労働90時間なら、人時売上高は「45万円÷90時間=5,000円」、人時生産性は3,500円です(月間粗利700万円÷1,400時間なら人時生産性5,000円)。
For example, if daily sales are 450,000 yen, gross profit is 315,000 yen, and total working hours are 90 hours, Man-Hour Sales = 450,000 ÷ 90 = 5,000 yen and Man-Hour Productivity = 3,500 yen (for 7M yen monthly gross profit ÷ 1,400 hours, productivity is 5,000 yen).
営業利益がゼロになる損益分岐点売上高は「固定費÷(1−変動費率)」です。例えば固定費180万円・変動費率40%(0.4)なら「180万円÷0.6=300万円」(固定費240万円なら400万円)となります。
Break-Even Sales (where operating profit is zero) = Fixed Costs ÷ (1 − Variable Cost Ratio). For example, if monthly fixed costs are 1.8M yen and variable cost ratio is 40% (0.4), Break-Even Sales = 1.8M ÷ 0.6 = 3.0M yen (or 4.0M yen if fixed costs are 2.4M yen).

Key points
- FL比率=原価率(F)+人件費率(L)、労働分配率=人件費÷粗利益×100
FL Ratio = Food Cost Ratio (F) + Labor Cost Ratio (L); Labor Distribution Ratio = Labor Cost ÷ Gross Profit × 100 - 人時売上高=売上高÷総労働時間、人時生産性=粗利益÷総労働時間
Man-Hour Sales = Sales ÷ Total Working Hours; Man-Hour Productivity = Gross Profit ÷ Total Working Hours - 損益分岐点売上高=固定費÷(1−変動費率)であり、固定費や変動費率を下げると低くなる
Break-Even Sales = Fixed Costs ÷ (1 − Variable Cost Ratio); reducing fixed costs or variable cost ratio lowers the break-even point
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| FL比率 | FL ratio (food + labor cost ratio) |
| 労働分配率 | Labor distribution ratio |
| 人時生産性 | Man-hour productivity |
| 損益分岐点売上高 | Break-even sales |
発注・検収・実地棚卸しとメニュー分析・販促
Ordering, Receiving, Physical Inventory, Menu Analysis, and Promotion
発注には、発注点に達した時点で一定量を頼む「定量発注」と、決まった発注日に必要量を算出する「定期発注」があり、連休前は売上別発注一覧表と安全在庫を基に算出します。
Ordering methods include 'fixed-quantity ordering' (ordering a set amount when stock hits the reorder point) and 'periodic ordering' (calculating needed amounts on set days); before holidays, calculate orders using a sales-based ordering table and safety stock.
検収時に品温異常や異臭があれば受入れを拒否して返品し、保管時は古い在庫から使う「先入れ先出し(FIFO)」と5Sを徹底します。
At receiving, reject and return items with abnormal temperature or off-odor; during storage, strictly enforce First-In, First-Out (FIFO — using older stock first) and 5S.
実地棚卸しでは事前に不良品や空箱を整理し、カウント担当者と記入者の2人1組で復唱確認して責任者がサインします。
For physical inventory counts, sort out defective items and empty boxes beforehand, count in pairs (one counter and one writer) repeating aloud to confirm, and have the manager sign.
メニューエンジニアリングは「出数(人気度)」と「粗利益高(儲け)」の2軸で分析します。販促ではセット割引で回転率を高め、ポイント制度やクーポンでリピーターを囲い込みます。
Menu engineering analyzes items along 2 axes: 'sales volume (popularity)' and 'gross profit amount'. Promotions use set discounts to increase turnover and point programs/coupons to retain repeaters.
Key points
- 定量発注は発注点で一定量を発注し、定期発注は決まった日に必要量を計算して発注する
Fixed-quantity ordering orders a fixed amount at the reorder point; periodic ordering calculates needed amounts on scheduled days - 実地棚卸しは2人1組(カウント役と記入役)で復唱確認し、全在庫の実数を数える
Conduct physical inventory in pairs (counter and writer) with repeat-after-me confirmation, counting all actual stock - メニュー分析の2指標は「出数(人気度)」と「粗利益高(儲け)」
The 2 indicators of menu engineering (menu analysis) are 'number sold (popularity)' and 'gross profit amount'
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 定量発注方式 | Fixed-quantity ordering system |
| 先入れ先出し | First-In, First-Out (FIFO) |
| 実地棚卸し | Physical inventory count |
| 出数 | Number of items sold (sales volume) |
労務管理・OJT指導と防犯・防火・環境管理
Labor Management, OJT Coaching, Crime/Fire Prevention, and Environment
採用時は労働条件通知書を書面交付します。法定労働時間は原則1日8時間・週40時間(常時10人未満の飲食店は週44時間特例あり)、休憩は6時間超で45分・8時間超で1時間以上です。
Issue a written Notice of Working Conditions upon hiring. Statutory working hours are 8 hours/day and 40 hours/week in principle (44 hours/week exception for restaurants with <10 regular workers); grant breaks of ≥45min for >6h work and ≥1h for >8h work.
賃金支払いの5原則(通貨・直接・全額・毎月1回以上・一定期日)と割増賃金(時間外・深夜は各25%以上、重なると50%以上)、年1回(深夜業は6か月ごと)の健康診断、労災保険を守ります。
Comply with the 5 Principles of Wage Payment (currency, direct, full, ≥monthly, fixed date), extra wage rates (overtime and late-night ≥25% each, ≥50% when combined), regular health checkups (annually, or every 6 months for night work), and Workers' Accident Compensation Insurance.
OJTは「①やってみせる(Show)→②説明する(Tell)→③やらせてみる(Do)→④確認・評価し指導する(Check)」の順に進め、視覚的マニュアルを活用し、ハラスメントやSNS情報漏洩を防ぎます。
Proceed with OJT in 4 steps: (1) Show → (2) Tell → (3) Do → (4) Check (evaluate and coach), using visual manuals with photos/Easy Japanese, while preventing workplace harassment and SNS leaks.
レジ違算は伝票等を調査して正確に報告し、売上金は耐火金庫へ施錠保管します。油火災には水を掛けず消火器を使い、ゴミは事業系一般廃棄物と産業廃棄物に分け許可業者へ委託します。
Investigate any register cash discrepancy via receipts and report accurately; lock sales cash in a fireproof safe. Never pour water on oil fires—use a fire extinguisher; separate waste into business general waste and industrial waste for licensed contractors.
Key points
- 法定労働は1日8時間・週40時間(10人未満特例は週44時間)、休日は毎週1回または4週4日以上
Statutory hours are 8h/day and 40h/week (44h/week for <10 workers); grant at least 1 day off/week or 4 days off/4 weeks - OJTの4段階は「やってみせる→説明する→やらせてみる→確認・評価し指導する」
The 4 steps of OJT are: Show (demonstrate) → Tell (explain) → Do (let them try) → Check (evaluate and coach) - 油火災には消火器を使い、防火ダンパーの油汚れや配電盤の害虫・避難経路の荷物を除去する
Use fire extinguishers for oil fires, clean grease on fire dampers, exterminate pests in breaker panels, and keep evacuation routes clear
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 法定労働時間 | Statutory working hours |
| 割増賃金 | Extra wages (overtime/late-night premium pay) |
| 職場内訓練 | On-the-job training (OJT) |
| 産業廃棄物 | Industrial waste |
Store Management
Practice this chapter in the appOfficial references
- 一般社団法人日本フードサービス協会(JF) 外食業特定技能2号技能測定試験 学習用テキスト — https://otaff.or.jp/tokutei/gaisyoku-2/materials/